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Cognitive control of sensory pain encoding in the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex. d1 - decoder construction in day 1, d2 - adaptive control in day 2.
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Raw data for viscoelastic anterior cruciate ligament characteristics
<p>Here, you can find three MS Excel files containing raw, statistical and analysed data for the study of viscoelastic properties of canine cranial cruciate ligaments at slow strain rates. </p> <p>The second version of this dataset has updated Hysteresis file. </p>
Fig. 1. Psilotreta daidalos Malicky 2000. A. Head, anterior view. B. Head, dorsal view. C. Maxillary palp. D. Wing veins. E. Male genitalia, left lateral view. F. Male genitalia, dorsal view. G. Male genitalia, ventral view. H. Phallus, left lateral view. I. Segment X, left lateral view. J. Parameres, ventral view. K in The Psilotreta Banks, 1899 of the Dabie Mountains, east central China, with descriptions of two new species (Insecta: Trichoptera: Odontoceridae)
Fig. 1. Psilotreta daidalos Malicky 2000. A. Head, anterior view. B. Head, dorsal view. C. Maxillary palp. D. Wing veins. E. Male genitalia, left lateral view. F. Male genitalia, dorsal view. G. Male genitalia, ventral view. H. Phallus, left lateral view. I. Segment X, left lateral view. J. Parameres, ventral view. K. Aedeagus, ventral view. Scale bars: A–C = 200 µm; D = 1 mm; E–K = 250 µm.
Figure 22. Zehntnerobolus rubripes comb. n., A, C–G male lectotype, B female paratype, A telson B, C right midbody leg D anterior gonopod, anterior view E anterior gonopod, posterior view F left posterior gonopod, anterior view G in Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of 'fire millipedes' (Diplopoda)
Figure 22. Zehntnerobolus rubripes comb. n., A, C–G male lectotype, B female paratype, A telson B, C right midbody leg D anterior gonopod, anterior view E anterior gonopod, posterior view F left posterior gonopod, anterior view G left posterior gonopod, posterior view. Apo = apodeme; av = anal valves; Cx = coxite; Gr = groove; Pre = preanal ring; St = sternite; sub = subanal scale; T = telopodite; Tp = telopodite process. Scale bars = 1 mm.
well-developed transverse bridge at anterior end of scutellar groove; 664, Pantoteles tenvirostris, showing clefted anterior margin of scutellar groove; 665, Optatus palmaris; 666, Strongylotes squamans, showing anterior margin of prescutum with large lobes and reduced median longitudinal crest on the scutellar groove; 667, Nertinus suturalis, indicating absence of transverse bridge at anterior end of scutellar groove; 668, Peridinetus irroratus, showing well-developed median longitudinal crest on the scutellar groove and metascutum with weakly-defined posterior margin nearly extending to posterior of metanotum; 669, Leptoschoinus fucatus, showing metascutum with well-defined posterior margin not extending to posterior of metanotum, well-developed transverse bridge at anterior end of scutellar groove, and welldeveloped median longitudinal crest on the scutellar groove; 670, Barilepton filiforme, indicating absence of transverse bridge at anterior end of scutellar groove; 671, Garnia sp., showing concave anterior margin of scutellar groove; 672, Eisonyx crassipes. in Morphology of Baridinae and related groups (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)
well-developed transverse bridge at anterior end of scutellar groove; 664, Pantoteles tenvirostris, showing clefted anterior margin of scutellar groove; 665, Optatus palmaris; 666, Strongylotes squamans, showing anterior margin of prescutum with large lobes and reduced median longitudinal crest on the scutellar groove; 667, Nertinus suturalis, indicating absence of transverse bridge at anterior end of scutellar groove; 668, Peridinetus irroratus, showing well-developed median longitudinal crest on the scutellar groove and metascutum with weakly-defined posterior margin nearly extending to posterior of metanotum; 669, Leptoschoinus fucatus, showing metascutum with well-defined posterior margin not extending to posterior of metanotum, well-developed transverse bridge at anterior end of scutellar groove, and welldeveloped median longitudinal crest on the scutellar groove; 670, Barilepton filiforme, indicating absence of transverse bridge at anterior end of scutellar groove; 671, Garnia sp., showing concave anterior margin of scutellar groove; 672, Eisonyx crassipes.
Figures 151-161. Head and rostrum. 151-154, anterior view. 151 in Morphology of Baridinae and related groups (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)
Figures 151-161. Head and rostrum. 151-154, anterior view. 151, Conoproctus quadripustulatus; 152, Trichodocerus sp.; 153, Hypurus bertrandi; 154, Cyllophorus fasciatus. 155-161, lateral view. 155, Acythophanes sp.; 156, Centrinogyna strigata; 157, Dealia carbonaria; 158, Fishonia brevinasus; 159, Crotanius trivittatus; 160, Dactylocrepis flabellitarsis; 161, Myctides imberbis, showing setae along apico-ventral margin of rostrum.
Figs |-4. Labena acerba sp. n., ♀, holotype: 1 − head, anterior view; 2 – head, dorsal view; 3 − head with antenna, lateral view; 4 – first metasomal segment, lateral view. in Mexican species of Labena Cresson (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) with description of a new species
Figs |-4. Labena acerba sp. n., ♀, holotype: 1 − head, anterior view; 2 – head, dorsal view; 3 − head with antenna, lateral view; 4 – first metasomal segment, lateral view.
Figures 19-22. D. shardana holotype, right male bulb 19 prolateral view, general 20 prolateral view, tip detail 21 anterior view 22 P in Systematics and phylogeography of the Dysdera erythrina species complex (Araneae, Dysderidae) in Sardinia
Figures 19-22. D. shardana holotype, right male bulb 19 prolateral view, general 20 prolateral view, tip detail 21 anterior view 22 P, prolateral view.
Fig. 12. Epicnemial carina, anterior view. A in Review of the Swedish Enicospilus (Hymenoptera; Ichneumonidae; Ophioninae) with description of three new species and an illustrated key to species
Fig. 12. Epicnemial carina, anterior view. A. Enicospilus ryrholmi sp. nov., paratype, ♀ (NHRS- HEVA000008173). B. E. adustus (Haller, 1885), ♀.
Posterior margin of epigyne convex and provided with central band covered with short setae up to anterior margin (7a in A revision of the African wolf spider genus Amblyothele Simon
Posterior margin of epigyne convex and provided with central band covered with short setae up to anterior margin (7a
Figs 22–24. Ichneumonopsis spp., epandrium. 22. I. burmensis Hardy, 1973, anterior view. 23. I. burmensis Hardy, 1973, lateral view. 24 in A revision of Ichneumonopsis Hardy, 1973 (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Gastrozonini), Oriental bamboo-shoot fruit flies
Figs 22–24. Ichneumonopsis spp., epandrium. 22. I. burmensis Hardy, 1973, anterior view. 23. I. burmensis Hardy, 1973, lateral view. 24. Ichneumonopsis taiwanensis sp. nov., lateral view.
Fig. 95. Metaleg, anterior view. A in Revision of the Oriental species of the genus Sphegina Meigen, 1822 (Diptera: Syrphidae)
Fig. 95. Metaleg, anterior view. A. Sphegina (Asiosphegina) plautus sp. nov., holotype, ♂, China. B. S. (A.) setosa sp. nov., holotype, ♂, Nepal. C. S. (A.) strigillata sp. nov., holotype, ♂, Vietnam. D. S. (A.) umbrosa sp. nov., holotype, ♂, China. E. S. (A.) varidissima Shiraki, 1930, ♂, Taiwan, yellow form. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.
Fig. 96. T1 anterior face. A in The 'red-tailed' Lasioglossum (Dialictus) (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) of the western Nearctic
Fig. 96. T1 anterior face. A. Lasioglossum (D.) testaceum (Robertson, 1897), ♀, acarinarial fan absent with erect hairs throughout. B. L. (D.) clastipedion sp. nov., ♀, acarinarial fan present but weak, with erect hairs restricted to lateral margins. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
Fig. 95. T1 anterior face. A in The 'red-tailed' Lasioglossum (Dialictus) (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) of the western Nearctic
Fig. 95. T1 anterior face. A. Lasioglossum (D.) kunzei (Cockerell, 1898), ♀, shiny with weak and worn acarinarial fan. B. L. (D.) argammon sp. nov., ♀, weakly coriarious with sparse acarinarial fan. C. L. (D.) rufornatum sp. nov., ♀, strongly coriarious with dense and well-developed acarinarial fan. Arrows point to areas where microsculpture is most easily visible. Scale bar is 0.5 mm.
Fig. 1. Halichoanolaimus ovalis Ditlevsen, 1921 A. Male anterior body region. B in New and known Halichoanolaimus de Man, 1886 species (Nematoda: Selachinematidae) from New Zealand's continental margin
Fig. 1. Halichoanolaimus ovalis Ditlevsen, 1921 A. Male anterior body region. B. Posterior male pharyngeal region and anterior intestinal region showing location of pseudocoelomocytes. C. Female cephalic region. D. Male cephalic region. E. Male posterior body region. F. Female posterior body region. Scale bar: A = 50 µm; B = 37 µm; C, E = 27 µm; D = 25 µm; F = 35 µm.
Analysis of copy number variation in dogs implicates genomic structural variation in the development of anterior cruciate ligament rupture
<p>Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is an important condition of the human knee. Second ruptures are common and societal costs are substantial. Canine cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture closely models the human disease. CCL rupture is common in the Labrador Retriever (5.79% prevalence), ~100-fold more prevalent than in humans. Labrador Retriever CCL rupture is a polygenic complex disease, based on genome-wide association study (GWAS) of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Dissection of genetic variation in complex traits can be enhanced by studying structural variation, including copy number variants (CNVs). Dogs are an ideal model for CNV research because of reduced genetic variability within breeds and extensive phenotypic diversity across breeds. We studied the genetic etiology of CCL rupture by association analysis of CNV regions (CNVRs) using 110 case and 164 control Labrador Retrievers. CNVs were called from SNPs using three different programs (PennCNV, CNVPartition, and QuantiSNP). After quality control, CNV calls were combined to create CNVRs using ParseCNV and an association analysis was performed. We found no strong effect CNVRs but found 46 small effect (max(T) permutation P<0.05) CCL rupture associated CNVRs in 22 autosomes; 25 were deletions and 21 were duplications. Of the 46 CCL rupture associated CNVRs, we identified 39 unique regions. Thirty four were identified by a single calling algorithm, 3 were identified by two calling algorithms, and 2 were identified by all three algorithms. For 42 of the associated CNVRs, frequency in the population was <10% while 4 occurred at a frequency in the population ranging from 10-25%. Average CNVR length was 198,872bp and CNVRs covered 0.11 to 0.15% of the genome. All CNVRs were associated with case status. CNVRs did not overlap previous canine CCL rupture risk loci identified by GWAS. Associated CNVRs contained 152 annotated genes; 12 CNVRs did not have genes mapped to CanFam3.1. Using pathway analysis, a cluster of 19 homeobox domain transcript regulator genes was associated with CCL rupture (P=6.6E-13). This gene cluster influences cranial-caudal body pattern formation during embryonic limb development. Clustered genes were found in 3 CNVRs on chromosome 14 (HoxA), 28 (NKX6-2), and 36 (HoxD). When analysis was limited to deletion CNVRs, the association was strengthened (P=8.7E-16). This study suggests a component of the polygenic risk of CCL rupture in Labrador Retrievers is associated with small effect CNVs and may include aspects of stifle morphology regulated by homeobox domain transcript regulator genes.</p>
Fig.ç20.A mblyops timorensis sp. nov., holotype, male (NSMT-Cr 21366). A, anterior part of body (dorsal); B, eyeplate (right, dorsal); C, eyeplate (le, lateral); D, antennular peduncle (right, dorsal); E, antenna (right, dorsal); F, antennal peduncle (le, lateral); G, mandible and mandibular palp (right); H, maxillule (right); I, maxilla (right). in The Genus Amblyops (Crustacea: Mysida: Mysidae: Erythropinae) from East Asia and Australia, with Descriptions of Ten New Species
Fig.ç20.A mblyops timorensis sp. nov., holotype, male (NSMT-Cr 21366). A, anterior part of body (dorsal); B, eyeplate (right, dorsal); C, eyeplate (le, lateral); D, antennular peduncle (right, dorsal); E, antenna (right, dorsal); F, antennal peduncle (le, lateral); G, mandible and mandibular palp (right); H, maxillule (right); I, maxilla (right).
Fig.ç24.A mblyops sp. 3, male (NSMT-Cr 21369). A, anterior part of body (dorsal); B, eyeplate (right, dorsal); C, antennal scale (le, ventral); D, pair of genital organs; E, sternal process and proximal parts of genital organs; F, rst pleopod (le); G, proximal part of uropodal endopod (le, ventral). in The Genus Amblyops (Crustacea: Mysida: Mysidae: Erythropinae) from East Asia and Australia, with Descriptions of Ten New Species
Fig.ç24.A mblyops sp. 3, male (NSMT-Cr 21369). A, anterior part of body (dorsal); B, eyeplate (right, dorsal); C, antennal scale (le, ventral); D, pair of genital organs; E, sternal process and proximal parts of genital organs; F, rst pleopod (le); G, proximal part of uropodal endopod (le, ventral).
Fig.ç17.A mblyops surugensis sp. nov., holotype, female (NSMT-Cr 21364). A, anterior part of body (dorsal); B, antenna (right, dorsal); C, antennal peduncle (right, lateral); D, secomd segment of mandibular palp (right); E, third segment of mandibular palp (right); F, maxillule (right); G, maxilla (right). in The Genus Amblyops (Crustacea: Mysida: Mysidae: Erythropinae) from East Asia and Australia, with Descriptions of Ten New Species
Fig.ç17.A mblyops surugensis sp. nov., holotype, female (NSMT-Cr 21364). A, anterior part of body (dorsal); B, antenna (right, dorsal); C, antennal peduncle (right, lateral); D, secomd segment of mandibular palp (right); E, third segment of mandibular palp (right); F, maxillule (right); G, maxilla (right).
Fig.ç9.A mblyops okinawensis sp. nov., holotype, female (NSMT-Cr 21353). A, anterior part of body (dorsal); B, eyeplate (right, dorsal); C, eyeplate (right, lateral); D, antennular peduncle (right, dorsal); E, antennal scale (right, dorsal); F, antennal peduncle (right, lateral); G, mandibular palp (right); H, maxilla (right), I, uropod and telson (dorsal); J, proximal half of uropodal endopod (right, ventral); K, posterior part of telson (dorsal). in The Genus Amblyops (Crustacea: Mysida: Mysidae: Erythropinae) from East Asia and Australia, with Descriptions of Ten New Species
Fig.ç9.A mblyops okinawensis sp. nov., holotype, female (NSMT-Cr 21353). A, anterior part of body (dorsal); B, eyeplate (right, dorsal); C, eyeplate (right, lateral); D, antennular peduncle (right, dorsal); E, antennal scale (right, dorsal); F, antennal peduncle (right, lateral); G, mandibular palp (right); H, maxilla (right), I, uropod and telson (dorsal); J, proximal half of uropodal endopod (right, ventral); K, posterior part of telson (dorsal).
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