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46 results for “Anthropocene”
Terrestrial water data synthesis for hydrological catchments around the world in the Anthropocene
<p>We here synthesise hydro-climatic data reported by previous studies for 65 hydrological catchments around the world [1-7] for further meta-analysis of how water fluxes of precipitation (P), runoff (R), and actual evapotranspiration (ET) on land change in the Anthropocene epoch, from before to after its start in the 1950's [8]. These water flux changes alter how much water ends up sustaining crops and other plants (evapotranspiration) and how much remains for the lateral water flows (runoff) through the landscape and the societal water uses and ecosystems they support. How this partitioning changes as integral part of global change is key for water and food security, and life on land and below water around the world’s land areas and coasts. </p> <p>To distinguish the impacts of direct human drivers on evapotranspiration and runoff changes based on instrumental data for wide-ranging water, human-activity and climate conditions around the world, the 65 study catchments are divided in two comparative sets. One set includes 52 large catchments, selected from two previous data compilations and studies [1,2] and is in the data files referred to as the world set of catchments. The study periods are 1901–2008 for 21 [2] and 1930–1979 for the other 31 [1] of these catchments. The second set includes 13 catchments selected from previous studies [3-7] of both the water flux changes and associated dominant human drivers of these for time periods that are largely consistent with those for the world set of catchments (within 1901-2016); this is in the data files referred to as the known human-shifted set of catchments. The dominant direct human drivers of water-flux changes in these catchments include expanded/intensified rainfed agriculture (RA), irrigated agriculture (IA), or dams and reservoirs for engineered flow regulation (FR), as listed and cited for each known human-shifted catchment in the data files. </p> <p>For each study catchment, we have quantified and report in the data files long-term average P, R and ET values over the total study period and changes in period-average values between two subperiods within it. The subperiods are 1901–1954 and 1955–2008 for 21 [2], and 1930–1954 and 1955–1979 for the other 31 [1] world catchments, and largely consistent for the known human-shifted catchments [3-7] (as listed in the data files). Each study catchment is also classified as water or energy limited by quantifying the associated Budyko-based aridity index PET/P, where PET is potential evapotranspiration. Average PET is estimated as PET≈325+21T+0.9T<sup>2</sup> where T is long-term annual and catchment average surface temperature in °C, calculated from monthly temperature data in the previous catchment studies [1-7]. The resulting PET/P index classifies actual ET/P in each catchment as energy limited for average PET/P < 1 or water limited for average PET/P > 1, as listed in the data files.</p> <p>Other catchment information included in the data files, uploaded in both pdf and xlsx formats, include source references, catchment name, area and station ID and continent and latitude location. Overall, this dataset provides a wide-ranging sample of catchment-wise related, water balance-constrained local-regional changes in average P, R and ET under major RA, IA, FR developments (known for the second human-shifted set of catchments [3-7]) and various other human-activity and climate developments around the world from before to after the Anthropocene start in the 1950’s [8]. </p>
The Rise and Demise of Iran's Urmia Lake during the Holocene and the Anthropocene: "What's past is prologue"
<p>Datasets S1,</p> <p>Supplementary Information for</p> <p><strong>The Rise and Demise of Iran’s Urmia Lake during the Holocene and the Anthropocene: "What's past is prologue" </strong></p>
Data for the manuscript entitled "Factors driving large-scale ungulate carrion production in the Anthropocene"
<p>Data for the article entitled "Factors driving large-scale ungulate carrion production in the Anthropocene". The data includes 5 main datasets, each of those corresponding to 5 main carrion production sources in terrestrial ecosystems in peninsular Spain, namely; 1) Livestock, 2) Big Game Hunting, 3) Roadkills, 4) Predation and 5) Natural mortality. </p> <p>In case of any doubt/s or enquiries regarding this data, please, send an email to the corresponding author; Jon Morant Etxebarria (email: jmorant@aranzadi.eus). </p> <p> </p>
Data from: Adaptation in the Anthropocene: How behavioural choice and colour change enables chameleon prawns to camouflage on non‐native seaweeds
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Data from: Ecological regime shift preserved in the Anthropocene stratigraphic record
Paleoecological data are unique historical archives that extend back far beyond the last several decades of ecological observations. However, the fossil record of continental shelves has been perceived as too coarse and incomplete to detect processes occurring at decadal scales relevant to ecology and conservation. Here we show that the youngest (Anthropocene) fossil record on a continental shelf of the Adriatic Sea provides decadal-scale temporal resolution that is adequate for documenting an abrupt ecological shift affecting benthic communities during the 20th century. The magnitude and the duration of the 20th century shift in body size of a dominant bivalve species (Corbula gibba) is unprecedented given that this species was consistently small throughout the Holocene in the whole northern Adriatic Sea. The size shift coincided with compositional change of the benthic community, with the median per-assemblage abundance of C. gibba increasing from ~25% to ~70% in the late 20th century, and occurred at sites that experienced at least one hypoxic event per decade in the 20th century. This regime shift, which coincided with mass mortality of competitors and predators associated with higher frequency of seasonal hypoxic events, may reflect ecological release. The observed body size shift is coupled with a decline in the depth and rate of bioturbational mixing. This decline in burrowing benthic organisms resulted in the improved stratigraphic resolution of fossil assemblages, making it possible to detect sub-centennial ecological changes in the stratigraphic record on continental shelves.
7,000 years of turnover: historical contingency and human niche construction shape the Caribbean's Anthropocene biota
The human-mediated movement of species across biogeographic boundaries—whether intentional or accidental—is dramatically reshaping the modern world. Conservation biologists are grappling with the present-day effects of these introductions, but humans have in fact been reshaping ecosystems and translocating species for millennia. Acknowledging the effects of human-mediated species introductions through time is important for understanding present-day biodiversity loss, ecosystem functioning, and management needs. Here, we present the first database of terrestrial vertebrate species introductions spanning the entire anthropogenic history of a system. This ~7,000 year Caribbean dataset allows us to assess the roles of historical contingency and priority effects in shaping present-day conservation outcomes. We analyzed the spatial and temporal dynamics of species introductions in the context of cultural practices and human population histories spanning Indigenous, colonial, and modern human societies. We highlight how serial human colonization contributed to habitat modifications and species extinctions that then shaped subsequent species introductions by other human groups, altering ecosystem processes dramatically. We quantify how the taxonomic and biogeographical diversity of species introductions increases over time, reflecting diversifying reasons for species introductions. Importantly, we use the record to highlight gaps in the archaeological record, ongoing management challenges, and research opportunities in today's Caribbean biota.
cGENIE Anthropocene d13C excursion
<p>we use the Earth system model cGENIE and calculate the change in carbon isotopic composition of the deep ocean in response to the current anthropogenic perturbation of the global carbon cycle. The three-dimensional cGENIE model simulates ocean, atmosphere and carbon cycle dynamics at low resolution (36 x 36 cells) (Edwards & Marsh, 2005; Ridgwell et al., 2007), which makes it an appropriate tool for resolving first-order questions on the functioning of the Earth's system like the issue at hand here. We perturb cGENIE by introducing isotopically-light CO2 (-28‰ δ13C) into the atmosphere at rates that correspond to IPCC's emission scenario A1B (Nakicenovic et al., 2000). In our simulation, we consider human-induced fluxes of carbon into the atmosphere between 2000 and 2150 AD, with an initial emission of 8.0 Gt C/year in 2000 AD, peak emissions of 16.4 Gt C/year in 2050 AD and zero-emissions from 2150 AD onwards. Starting from a pre-industrial atmospheric CO2 concentration of 278 ppm, this scenario leads to 495 ppm <i>p</i>CO2 in 2050 AD and 810 ppm <i>p</i>CO2 in 2150 AD.</p><p>The cGENIE model experimental setup used for the present study is based on GENIE16 of Archer et al. (2009). This version of cGENIE (Ridgwell & Hargreaves, 2007; Ridgwell et al., 2007) consists of a 3-dimensional C-Goldstein ocean circulation model with reduced physics and 16 depth levels in the ocean. The ocean is coupled to a 2-dimensional energy-moisture balance model of the atmosphere (Edwards & Marsh, 2005; Singarayer et al., 2008) and a 2-dimensional dynamic-thermodynamic sea-ice model (Edwards & Marsh, 2005; Ridgwell et al., 2007). Ocean temperature, salinity and the concentration of biogeochemical tracers, including carbon, are circulated and coupled through the circulation model for the ocean (Ridgwell et al., 2007). This representation of the marine geochemical cycle also accounts for carbonate precipitation and their preservation as deep-sea sediments. We also make use of the sediment diagenesis function of the model, which allows sediments to settle at each ocean grid cell as well as being dissolved during subsequent processes and which was developed by Archer et al. (2009) based on Ridgwell et al. (2007) and Archer (1996). Further details on the cGENIE model setup can be found in Archer et al. (2009) and Singarayer et al. (2008). We applied a 2-part spin-up of modern marine CaCO3 cycling as described in Ridgwell and Hargreaves (2007). In the first stage, we spun up the experiment for 50 kyr in a closed carbon system that is designed to create equilibrium between climate and ocean circulation for a predefined atmospheric CO2 concentration (here: 278 ppm <i>p</i>CO2) and ocean alkalinity. Atmospheric restoring of CO2 and δ13C is included together with carbonate weathering that exactly balances CaCO3 burial in a forced "closed system". In a second spin-up for 200 kyr, the carbonate system is opened to develop freely and includes a temperature-dependent determination of weathering rates. The CO2 emission experiment presented here is based on IPCC's A1B scenario (Nakicenovic et al., 2000). </p><p>Archer, D. (1996). A data-driven model of the global calcite lysocline. <i>Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 10</i>(3), 511-526. 10.1029/96GB01521</p><p>Archer, D., et al. (2009). Atmospheric Lifetime of Fossil Fuel Carbon Dioxide. <i>Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 37</i>(1), 117-134. 10.1146/annurev.earth.031208.100206</p><p>Edwards, N. R., & Marsh, R. (2005). Uncertainties due to transport-parameter sensitivity in an efficient 3-D ocean-climate model. <i>Climate Dynamics, 24</i>(4), 415-433. 10.1007/s00382-004-0508-8</p><p>Nakicenovic, N., et al. (2000). <i>Special report on emissions scenarios (SRES), a special report of Working Group III of the intergovernmental panel on climate change</i>: Cambridge University Press.</p><p>Ridgwell, A., & Hargreaves, J. C. (2007). Regulation of atmospheric CO2 by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model. <i>Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 21</i>(2). 10.1029/2006GB002764</p><p>Ridgwell, A., et al. (2007). Marine geochemical data assimilation in an efficient Earth System Model of global biogeochemical cycling. <i>Biogeosciences, 4</i>(1), 87-104. 10.5194/bg-4-87-2007</p><p>Singarayer, J. S., et al. (2008). An oceanic origin for the increase of atmospheric radiocarbon during the Younger Dryas. <i>Geophysical Research Letters, 35</i>(14). 10.1029/2008GL034074</p>
Data from: Decadal-scale time series highlight the role of chronic disturbances in driving ecosystem collapse in the Anthropocene
<p>These data support a publication in the Journal Ecology that describes 37 years of change on the coral reefs of St. John, US Virgin Islands. In this paper, four decades of surveys from two coral reefs (9 and 14 m depth) off St. John, US Virgin Islands, are used to quantify the associations of acute and chronic events with the changes in benthic community structure. These reefs profoundly changed over 36 years, with coral death altering species assemblages to depress abundances of the ecologically important coral <em>Orbicella</em> spp. and elevating the coverage of macroalgae and crustose coralline algae/turf/bare space (CTB). Linear mixed models revealed the prominent role of chronic variation in temperature in accounting for changes in coverage of corals, macroalgae, and CTB, with rising temperature associated with increases in coral cover on the deep reef, and declines on the shallow reef. Hurricanes were also associated with declines in coral cover on the shallow reef, and increases on the deep reef. Multivariate analyses revealed strong associations between community structure and temperature, but weaker associations with hurricanes, bleaching, and diseases. These results highlight the overwhelming importance of chronically increasing temperature in altering the benthic community structure of Caribbean reefs.</p>
Olfaction in the Anthropocene: NO3 negatively impacts floral scent and nocturnal pollination
<p>There is growing concern about sensory pollutants impacting ecological communities. Anthropogenically enhanced oxidants (O<sub>3</sub> and NO<sub>3</sub>) rapidly degrade floral scents, potentially reducing pollinator attraction to flowers. However, the physiological and behavioral impacts on pollinators and plant fitness are unknown. Using a nocturnal flower-moth system, we find that atmospheric concentrations of NO<sub>3</sub>, but not O<sub>3</sub>, eliminate flower visitation by moths, and it is the reaction of NO<sub>3</sub> to a subset of monoterpenes that reduces the scent's attractiveness. Global atmospheric models of floral scent oxidation reveal that pollinators in certain urban areas may have a reduced ability to perceive and navigate to flowers. These results illustrate the impact of anthropogenic pollutants on an animal's olfactory ability and indicate that such pollutants may be critical regulators of global pollination.</p>
Widespread homogenization of plant communities in the Anthropocene
<p class="AbstractSummary">Native biodiversity decline and non-native species spread are major features of the Anthropocene. Both processes can drive biotic homogenization by reducing trait and phylogenetic differences in species assemblages between regions, thus diminishing the regional distinctiveness of biotas and likely have negative impacts on key ecosystem functions. However, a global assessment of this phenomenon is lacking. Here, using a dataset of >200,000 plant species, we demonstrate widespread and temporal decreases in species and phylogenetic turnover across grain sizes and spatial extents. The extent of homogenization within major biomes is pronounced and is overwhelmingly explained by non-native species naturalizations. Asia and North America are major sources of non-native species; however, the species they export tend to be phylogenetically close to recipient floras. Australia, the Pacific and Europe, in contrast, contribute fewer species to the global pool of non-natives, but represent a disproportionate amount of phylogenetic diversity. The timeline of most naturalisations coincides with widespread human migration within the last ~500 years, and demonstrates the profound influence humans exert on regional biotas beyond changes in species richness.</p>
A review of existing and potential blue carbon contributions to climate change mitigation in the Anthropocene
<p><span>The atmosphere concentration of CO2 is steadily increasing and causing climate change. To achieve the Paris 1.5 or 2 oC target, negative emissions technologies must be deployed in addition to reducing carbon emissions. The ocean is a large carbon sink but the potential of marine primary producers to contribute to carbon neutrality remains unclear. </span></p> <p><span>Here we review the alterations to carbon capture and sequestration of marine primary producers (including traditional 'blue carbon' plants, microalgae, and macroalgae) in the Anthropocene, and, for the first time, assess and compare the potential of various marine primary producers to carbon neutrality and climate change mitigation via biogeoengineering approaches.</span></p> <p><span>The contributions of marine primary producers to carbon sequestration have been decreasing in the Anthropocene due to the decrease in biomass driven by direct </span><span>anthropogenic activities and climate change</span><span>. The potential of blue carbon plants (mangroves, saltmarshes, and seagrasses) is limited by the available areas for their revegetation. Microalgae appear to have a large potential due to their ubiquity but how to enhance their carbon sequestration efficiency is very complex and uncertain. On the other hand, macroalgae can play an essential role in mitigating climate change through extensive offshore cultivation due to higher carbon sequestration capacity and substantial available areas. This approach seems both technically and economically feasible due to the development of offshore aquaculture and a well-established market for macroalgal products. </span></p> <p><span><em>Synthesis and applications:</em> </span><span>This paper provides new insights and suggests promising directions for utilizing marine primary producers to achieve the Paris temperature target. We propose that macroalgae cultivation can play an essential role in attaining carbon neutrality and climate change mitigation, although its ecological impacts need to be assessed further.</span></p>
A bibliometric analysis of the term "Anthropocene"
<p>This repository contains data and code to reproduce a small bibliometric analyses of the term "Anthropocene" that is part of a submitted paper to the journal "Progress in Physical Geography"</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Human-mediated dispersal redefines mangrove biogeography in the Anthropocene
<p><span><span><span>Introduction of species by humans breaks down biogeographic boundaries and results in the homogenization of species composition, yet empirical tests of this impact in marine forest ecosystems are still scarce. Large-scale planting aimed at reversing losses of mangroves has been the dominant strategy for mangrove restoration adopted by many organizations in the past decades, but there is a lack of quantitative understanding of the impacts of such large-scale plantings on mangrove biogeography. Here we used data collected before and after large-scale planting to compare the species richness and compositional similarities among 72 mangrove sites over a biogeographic scale (18-28 °N) in China. After the large-scale planting, 15 of the mangrove species spread towards the higher latitudes, reflecting the geographical barriers of the mangrove plants have been broken. Local species richness of mangrove increased by 44.82% and biogeographic compositional similarity of mangroves increased by 13.33%, reflecting large-scale introduction and planting increase local diversity of mangrove but enhance biological homogenization. The dispersal limitation of mangrove communities reduced by 11.1%, which indicates that the community assemblage process of mangrove changed obviously. Worryingly, two alien species, <i>Sonneratia apetala</i> and <i>Laguncularia racemose</i>, have dispersal across the biogeographic scale studied, reflecting an increase in the risk of biogeographic invasion. It is expected that biological homogeneity and species invasion will further influence the functional biogeography of mangroves. Our results highlight that mangrove biogeography is defined by human activities in the Anthropocene.</span></span></span></p>
The Anthropocene and the Sustainable Development Goals: Key elements in geography higher education? Study Dataset.
<p>The document contains the Dataset of a study "The Anthropocene and the Sustainable Development Goals: Key elements in geography higher education? "</p>
Education in the Anthropocene: Assessing planetary health science standards in the US
The environmental crises defining the Anthropocene demand ubiquitous mitigation efforts, met with collective support. Yet, disengagement and disbelief surrounding planetary health threats are pervasive, especially in the United States (US). This skepticism may be influenced by inadequate education addressing the scope and urgency of the planetary health crisis. We analyzed current K-12 science standards related to planetary health throughout the US, assessing their quality and potential predictors of variation. While planetary health education varies widely across the US with respect to the presence and depth of terms, most science standards neglected to convey these concepts with a sense of urgency. Furthermore, state/territory political affiliation and primary GDP contributor were each predictive of the quality of planetary health education. We propose that a nation-wide science standard could fully address the urgency of the planetary health crisis and prevent political bias from influencing the breadth and depth of concepts covered.
Data from: Introduced plants as novel Anthropocene habitats for insects
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7,000 years of turnover: historical contingency and human niche construction shape the Caribbean’s Anthropocene biota
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Human-mediated dispersal redefines mangrove biogeography in the Anthropocene
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Widespread homogenization of plant communities in the Anthropocene
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Education in the Anthropocene: Assessing planetary health science standards in the US
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.