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Fig. 6 in Integrated palynology and sedimentology of the Mississippian of the Tisdafine Basin (Eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco)

Fig. 6 Palynofacies composition, palaeoenvironment and thermal maturity interpretations inferred for the studied section. Thermal maturity estimation of organic matter is compiled after several authors (e.g., the spore/pollen color changes correlated with TAI values are adapted from Pearson, 1984; the correlation of TAI and SCI values with hydrocarbon stages —immature up to overmature— are adapted from Hartkopf-Fröder et al., 2015). The palaeoenvironment interpretation (proximal–distal palynofacies), according to Jurkowska & Barski (2017). AOM: amorphous organic matter; Op-Eq: equidimensional opaque phytoclast; Op-la: lath-shaped opaque phytoclasts; TP: translucent phytoclast; MDOP: mean diameter of opaque phytoclasts. The mean diameters of the phytoclasts (in µm) were obtained by counting at least one hundred of phytoclasts from each sample; TAI: Thermal Alteration Index; SCI: Spore Color Index

Fig. 4 in Integrated palynology and sedimentology of the Mississippian of the Tisdafine Basin (Eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco)

Fig. 4 Field photos of the studied outcrop, the microfacies and the macrofossil content (Jbel Asdaf area). A Microfacies of upper Tournaisian sandstones in the Aït Yalla Formation, showing fine facies with well-rounded elements, dominated by quartz. B Some macrofaunal fossils from the lower and upper intervals. 1–2. Zaphrentoides sp., 3. Caninophyllum skourense, 4. Gigantoproductus giganteus. C Bioturbation and traces fossils (burrows) in the lower interval. D Microfacies of lower Visean (middle interval) with organic material. E Trace fossils of the ichnogenus Zoophycos (middle/upper interval). F Laminated structures and algal mats (upper interval)

Fig. 3 in Integrated palynology and sedimentology of the Mississippian of the Tisdafine Basin (Eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco)

Fig. 3 Lithostratigraphic and sedimentologic analyses of the Mississippian succession of the Jbel Asdaf area, showing the lithology, position of palynological samples (SP numbers), sedimentary structures, and microfacies, including fauna and general texture of thin sections

Fig. 2 in Integrated palynology and sedimentology of the Mississippian of the Tisdafine Basin (Eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco)

Fig. 2 Geological overview of the area (SW of Tinejdad), between the Carboniferous at Jebel Tisdafine and the Ordovician at Jebel Ougnate, showing the position of the lower Carboniferous of the Jbel Asdaf area (re-drawn from El Boukhari et al., 2007; Fig. 3)

Fig. 7 in Integrated palynology and sedimentology of the Mississippian of the Tisdafine Basin (Eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco)

Fig. 7 Zonal scheme and general ranges of selected miospore taxa recovered from the samples. The Carboniferous miospore zonation according to Clayton et al. (1977) and Owens et al. (2004)

Fig. 5 in Integrated palynology and sedimentology of the Mississippian of the Tisdafine Basin (Eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco)

Fig. 5 Lower Carboniferous continental and marine palynomorphs from the Aït Yalla and Tinerhir formations. Scale bar for all: 40 μm. EF: England Finder Coordinates. A Raistrickia cf. radiosa, sample SP6, slide 1, EF C53. B Retusotriletes sp., sample SP7, slide 2, EF N36. C Retusotriletes sp., sample SP8, slide 1, EF R34. D Rotaspora cf. knoxi, sample SP8, slide 1, EF U34/2. E Verrucosisporites sp., sample SP4, slide 3, EF T31/1. F Vallatisporites aff. ciliaris, sample SP8, slide 2, EF R22/2. G Lophosphaeridium spp., sample SP6, slide 1, EF C19/1. H Lophosphaeridium spp., sample SP5, slide 3, EF Y34/1. I Lophosphaeridium spp., sample SP4, slide 2, Y50/1. J Unrecognizable miospore 1, sample SP8, slide 1, EF W44/2. K Unrecognizable miospore 2, sample SP6, slide 2, EF Y33

Fig. 1 in Integrated palynology and sedimentology of the Mississippian of the Tisdafine Basin (Eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco)

Fig. 1 Simplified geological map of the eastern Anti-Atlas (after Baidder et al., 2008, 2016; Michard et al., 2008), with location of the study area (surrounded by a square with a dashed line and reproduced in Fig. 2)

Fig. 7 in Extreme abundance of ammonoids in mass accumulations from the Late Devonian of the Moroccan Anti-Atlas

Fig. 7. Ammonoid mass occurences from the different localities in the Anti Atlas ôf Morocco. A. PIMUZ 37920, concretion showing a ammonoid mass occurence and an orthocone (A1) with close up (A2) from Achguig, north east Tafilalt, lower Famennian. B. PIMUZ 37921, polished section of an ammonoid mass occurrence from Taouz, Tafilalt, lower Famennian. C. PIMUZ 37922, prepared ammonoids from an association from Madene EL Mrakib, Maider, lower Famennian. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 6 in Extreme abundance of ammonoids in mass accumulations from the Late Devonian of the Moroccan Anti-Atlas

Fig. 6. Size distribution of all ammonoids in each sample. A. Number od specimens (without specimens lost in preparation) vs. size class. The size classes –20 were defined by using the logarithm of the log diameters shown in Table 5. B. The ammonoids counts plotted on a metric axis.

Fig. 2 in Extreme abundance of ammonoids in mass accumulations from the Late Devonian of the Moroccan Anti-Atlas

Fig. 2. Geological map of the study area, the Tafilalt and Maïder, with indications of the localities and the approximate placing of the basins and platforms (map modified after Frey et al. 2020).

Fig. 3 in Extreme abundance of ammonoids in mass accumulations from the Late Devonian of the Moroccan Anti-Atlas

Fig. 3. Typical ammonoids from lower, middle, and upper Famennian, Anti-Atlas, Morocco. A. Sample PIMUZ 37916, Oum El Jerane. B. Sample PIMUZ 37917. C. Sample PIMUZ 37918. D. Sample PIMUZ 37915. E. Sample PIMUZ 37919. In order to show various aspects of variation, we sometimes display more than one specimen per species. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 5. A in Extreme abundance of ammonoids in mass accumulations from the Late Devonian of the Moroccan Anti-Atlas

Fig. 5. A scheme of shell measurements in Cheiloceras sp. from the lower Famennian of Madene El Mrakib, Anti-Atlas, Morocco (PIMUZ 37923). A. Polished sagittal section with the possible continuation of the ammonoid shown in grey. The photographed specimen is incomplete, parts of the body chamber are missing, and the specimen was probably larger as suggested by the reconstructed area. B. The body chamber shown without phragmocone; dashed lines indicate possible positions of the terminal aperture of the ammonoid. The diameter of the largest complete ammonoid from Madene sample and the diameter of the specimen without the body chamber are shown. C. The cross section showing the way the aperture opening was calculated. The number 4.2 is an average value from measurements of different sized specimens; a, apertural height; b, diameter of previous demi-whorl; conch diameter = a + b.

Fig. 1 in Extreme abundance of ammonoids in mass accumulations from the Late Devonian of the Moroccan Anti-Atlas

Fig. 1. Ammonoid mass occurrence (associated with brachiopods and orthocerids) from the lower Famennian of Madene El Mrakib, Morocco (prepared by Thomas Imhof, Trimbach); PIMUZ 37914.

Fig. 8 in Extreme abundance of ammonoids in mass accumulations from the Late Devonian of the Moroccan Anti-Atlas

Fig. 8. Estimating the number of missing specimens from Madene El Mrakib. A. Diameter plotted in log; the dashed line demarcates the possibly missing data based on the highest count at a diameter of 4 mm. B. Diameter plotted linearly; prepared specimens are marked by the blue field; the black dots mark the sums of prepared and crushed specimens; the orange field adds those specimens, which we might have missed entirely, either because of non-preservation or because they were overlooked during preparation; this is based on the regression line that was moved to the highest point of small specimens.

Fig. 4 in Extreme abundance of ammonoids in mass accumulations from the Late Devonian of the Moroccan Anti-Atlas

Fig. 4. Total volume of each sample and the volume of all ammonoids in the respective samples; including complete ammonoids and small ammonoids destroyed during preparation.

FIG. 2 in New archaeocyath genus from the early Cambrian of the western Anti-Atlas, Morocco

FIG. 2. — Fouanoucyathus tafraoutiensis El Bakhouch & Kerner, n. gen., n. sp., holotype AA-FOU-CI-2 from section FO.IS8: A, transverse view of specimen prior to preparation;B, transverse section showing wall and septal porosity (inner wall at right);C, detail of longitudinal section showing the outer and inner walls with canals and septal porosity;D, detail of longitudinal section showing inner wall porosity (central cavity at right);E, detail of longitudinal section showing outer wall porosity (intervallum at right); F, longitudinal section showing wall, septal porosity and a synapticular tabulae (inner wall at right). Scale bars: A, 9 mm; B, 0.5 mm; C, E, F, 1 mm; D, 0.2 mm.

FIG. 5 in New archaeocyath genus from the early Cambrian of the western Anti-Atlas, Morocco

FIG. 5. — Fouanoucyathus tafraoutiensis El Bakhouch & Kerner, n. gen., n. sp., paratype AA-FOU-CI-1 from section FO.IS4: A, longitudinal view of specimen prior to preparation; B, oblique transverse section showing details of walls and septa porosity; C, longitudinal section (inner wall at right); D, detail of C showing inner wall porosity (central cavity at right); E, detail of C showing outer wall porosity. Scale bars: A, 4 mm; B, 0.4 mm; C, 1.5 mm; D, 1 mm; E, 0.3 mm.

FIG. 1. — A in New archaeocyath genus from the early Cambrian of the western Anti-Atlas, Morocco

FIG. 1. — A, Studied area in the Anti Atlas Mountains within Morocco; B, simplified geological map of the Fouanou Syncline with location of the studied section (redrawn and modified after Geological Map of Morocco, TAFRAOUT sheet, scale 1/100 000); C, lithostratigraphy of the studied section in the Fouanou Syncline.

FIG. 4 in New archaeocyath genus from the early Cambrian of the western Anti-Atlas, Morocco

FIG. 4. — Fouanoucyathus tafraoutiensis El Bakhouch & Kerner, n. gen., n. sp., paratype AA-FOU-CI-4 from FO.IS24: A, transverse view of specimen prior to preparation; B, detail of transverse section showing inner wall porosity and synapticulae (central cavity at upper left); C, detail of longitudinal section showing septal porosity and inner wall canals (central cavity at right); D, detail of longitudinal section showing outer wall canals. Scale bars: A, 7.5 mm; B, 0.3 mm; C, 1 mm; D, 0.6 mm.

FIG. 3 in New archaeocyath genus from the early Cambrian of the western Anti-Atlas, Morocco

FIG. 3. — Fouanoucyathus tafraoutiensis El Bakhouch & Kerner, n. gen., n. sp., paratype AA-FOU-CI-3 from FO.IS10: A, transverse view of specimen prior to preparation; B, detail of longitudinal section showing walls, septal porosity and synapticular tabulae (inner wall at left); C, detail of longitudinal section showing inner wall canals (central cavity at left); D, detail of longitudinal section showing outer wall canals and synapticular tabulae (intervallum at right). Scale bars: A, 8.5 mm; B, 2 mm; C, 1 mm; D, 0.5 mm.