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FIGURE 3 in Apertochrysa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): A heterogeneric phantom?

FIGURE 3. Phylogenetic tree for all chrysopid taxa used in this study. The total sequence length of the alignment was 1926 bp, comprising 483 bp of PepCK, 525 bp of wg, and 918 bp of ATPase. The tree is inferred from a combined analysis of all sequences in all species except Apertochrysa umbrosa, for which only ATPase sequence was available. Values placed on each node are Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) ± 0.80 / ML bootstrap values ± 50%. Dashes (-) mark branches with less than 0.80 PP or less than 50% bootstrap support. Stars (*) on branches represent both 1.00 PP and 100% bootstrap value.

FIGURE 1. Wing venation. a in Apertochrysa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): A heterogeneric phantom?

FIGURE 1. Wing venation. a: Cunctochrysa kannemeyeri, the inner gradate touches the pseudomedia. b: Pseudomallada zelleri (Schneider 1851), the inner gradate does not touch the pseudomedia. gr: inner gradate, pm: pseudomedia.

FIGURE 4. Gonapsis shapes. a in Apertochrysa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): A heterogeneric phantom?

FIGURE 4. Gonapsis shapes. a: Icon for the shape characteristic of the alcestes-group, one of the four large species-groups in the Pseudomallada complex (Duelli et al. 2016). b and c: Gonapsis of two males of Apertochrysa edwardsi (Western Australia). d and e: Gonapsis of two males of A. eurydera (Ghana), a species in the alcestes-group.

FIGURE 2. Larval setation. a in Apertochrysa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): A heterogeneric phantom?

FIGURE 2. Larval setation. a: Dorsal view of thorax showing two setae per submedian tubercle on pro- and mesothorax, and a double row of strong setae on pro-, meso- and metathorax. b: Dorsal view of thorax showing one seta per submedian tubercle and a single row of strong setae on meso- and metathorax. c: Lateral view of 1st abdominal segment showing setae hooked both forward (pointed towards head) and backward (pointed towards tail). d: Lateral view of 1st abdominal segment showing setae hooked only backward. smt: submedian tubercle, R: row of setae.

FIGURE 5 in Apertochrysa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): A heterogeneric phantom?

FIGURE 5. Gonapsis shapes of Apertochrysa umbrosa. a: Redrawn from fig. 234 in Brooks and Barnard 1990. b: Redrawn from fig. 1753 in Tjeder 1966. c and d: Two males from Wendo Genet, Ethiopia. e: Lateral view of d.

FIGURE 5 in A new species of Apertochrysa Tjeder, 1966 and new record of Plesiochrysa ramburi (Schneider, 1851) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) from China, with potential biocontrol significance

FIGURE 5. Plesiochrysa ramburi (Schneider, 1851), male. A. habitus, dorsal view; B. head and prothorax, dorsal view; C. head and prothorax, lateral view; D. head, frontal view; E. head and thorax of fresh specimen, dorsal view. Abbreviations: A, anal veins; C, costa; CuA, cubitus anterior; CuP, cubitus posterior; MA, media anterior; MP, media posterior; PsC, pesudocubitus; PsM, pesudomedia; RA, radius anterior; RP, radius posterior; Sc, subcosta; ig, inner gradate; im, intramedian cell; mg, middle gradate; og, outer gradate.

FIGURE 7 in A new species of Apertochrysa Tjeder, 1966 and new record of Plesiochrysa ramburi (Schneider, 1851) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) from China, with potential biocontrol significance

FIGURE 7. Plesiochrysa ramburi (Schneider, 1851). A. third instar larva, dorsal view; B. third instar larva, ventral view; C. first instar larva, head and thorax, dorsal view; D. first instar larva, head and thorax, lateral view; E. third instar larva, head, dorsal view; F. third instar larva, head and thorax, lateral view; G. third instar larva, habitus, lateral view. Abbreviations: co, cardo; cx, cervix; gen, gena; int, intermandibular marking; l.p., labial palpus; mb, mandible; mx, maxilla; ped, pedicel; pg, palpiger; sc, scape; stp, stipes; S1–S12, primary cranial setae 1–12; LS, setae on lateral tubercle; LT, lateral tubercle; SMS, submedian setae.

FIGURE 3 in A new species of Apertochrysa Tjeder, 1966 and new record of Plesiochrysa ramburi (Schneider, 1851) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) from China, with potential biocontrol significance

FIGURE 3. Apertochrysa roseusfrontata sp. nov. A. male terminalia, lateral view; B. female terminalia, lateral view; C. male genitalia, lateral view; D. male genitalia, lateral view; E. gonapsis, dorsal view; F. hypandrium internum, dorsal view; G. spermatheca, lateral view; H. subgenitale, ventral view. Abbreviations: cc, callus cerci; ent, entoprocessus; gl, gonapophysis lateralis; g.ap., gonarcal apodeme; gst, gonosetae; mu, mediuncus; sd, spermathecal duct; sg, subgenitale; sp, spermatheca; S7, sternite 7; S8+9, sternites 8+9; T7 and T8, tergites 7 and 8; T9+e, tergite 9+ectoprocts.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of Apertochrysa Tjeder, 1966 and new record of Plesiochrysa ramburi (Schneider, 1851) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) from China, with potential biocontrol significance

FIGURE 2. Apertochrysa roseusfrontata sp. nov., holotype male (A–D) and paratype male (E). A. habitus, dorsal view; B. head and thorax, dorsal view; C. head and prothorax, dorsal view; D. head and prothorax of fresh specimen, lateral view; E. head, frontal view; F. thorax and forewing of fresh specimen, dorsal view. Abbreviations: A, anal veins; C, costa CuA, cubitus anterior; CuP, cubitus posterior; MA, media anterior; MP, media posterior; PsC, pesudocubitus; PsM, pesudomedia; RA, radius anterior; RP, radius posterior; Sc, subcosta; ig, inner gradate; im, intramedian cell; og, outer gradate.

FIGURE 1 in A new species of Apertochrysa Tjeder, 1966 and new record of Plesiochrysa ramburi (Schneider, 1851) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) from China, with potential biocontrol significance

FIGURE 1. Larvae of two green lacewing species preying on Dysmicoccus neobrevipes. A. Apertochrysa roseusfrontata sp. nov., third instar, naked larva; B. P. ramburi, third instar, trash-carrying larva.

FIGURE 19 in The Apertochrysa prasina group (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), with a key to the European species

FIGURE 19. Apertochrysa abdominalis with black dots on scape, three completely black im cell veins, and, barely visible, furwing ccv (female from Zürich, Switzerland).

FIGURE 18. Apertochrysa abdominalis with all crossveins completely black, a in The Apertochrysa prasina group (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), with a key to the European species

FIGURE 18. Apertochrysa abdominalis with all crossveins completely black, a double row of black spots per segment on parts of the abdomen, and black dorsal spots on a brown band on the prothorax (female from Halle, Germany).

FIGURE 17 in The Apertochrysa prasina group (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), with a key to the European species

FIGURE 17. Apertochrysa ventralis with black dots on vertex and an elongated clove-shaped interantennal spot (female from Agarone, Ticino, Switzerland).

FIGURE 15 in The Apertochrysa prasina group (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), with a key to the European species

FIGURE 15. Apertochrysa Ap3 with black dots on scape and large black spots on prothorax. The black lateral stripes along the abdomen are almost continuous and the dorsal abdominal spots on the last segments are in a double row (male from Agarone, Ticino, Switzerland).

FIGURE 16 in The Apertochrysa prasina group (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), with a key to the European species

FIGURE 16. Apertochrysa ventralis with black ventral side of the abdomen, entirely black ccv, and large black spots on the prothorax (female from Claro, Ticino, Switzerland).

FIGURE 14 in The Apertochrysa prasina group (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), with a key to the European species

FIGURE 14. Apertochrysa Ap2 with white face, yellowish green vertex, 70% black ccv (female from Agarone, Ticino, Switzerland).

FIGURE 8 in The Apertochrysa prasina group (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), with a key to the European species

FIGURE 8. Apertochrysa Ap2, male furwing with about twice as many setae on the costal crossveins as in the female (Fig. 9) or males of non-furwing species (Raron, Valais, Switzerland).

FIGURE 13 in The Apertochrysa prasina group (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), with a key to the European species

FIGURE 13. Apertochrysa ariadne without any dark spots on head, thorax and abdomen (male from Askyfou, Crete, Greece).

FIGURE 7. Apertochrysa benedictae with longest costal crossveins 40 in The Apertochrysa prasina group (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), with a key to the European species

FIGURE 7. Apertochrysa benedictae with longest costal crossveins 40% dark, brown dots on scape, two reddish-brown spots on prothorax (female from Le Muy, Var, France).

FIGURE 10 in The Apertochrysa prasina group (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), with a key to the European species

FIGURE 10. Percentage of black in the three veins forming the intramedian cell. Low percentage is usually a black part in one piece, with increasing darkness the number also of black parts increases. The blue bars indicate the range for each species.