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Fig. 31. Paracletus cimiciformis von Heyden, 1837 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)

Fig. 31. Paracletus cimiciformis von Heyden, 1837. Aptera in nest of Tetramorium caespitum (Linnaeus, 1758).

Fig. 29 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)

Fig. 29. Neomyzus circumflexus (Buckton, 1876). Aptera. (from Dransfield & Brightwell 2015, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0, downloaded 30 Jun. 2015).

Fig. 24. Aphis beccabungae Koch, 1855 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)

Fig. 24. Aphis beccabungae Koch, 1855. Apt. and juv. on Galeopsis speciosa. A. beccabungae is very similar to A. gossypii Glover, 1877.

Fig. 27 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)

Fig. 27. Sitobion avenae (Fabricius, 1775). Apterae and juveniles on A. Dactylis glomerata and B. Elytrigia repens.

Fig. 19 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)

Fig. 19. Gootiella, Pachypappa and Pachypappella. Apt. alienicolae (born on secondary host). A–B. Spinal wax gland on abd. terg. 6 of Pachypappa populi (Linnaeus, 1758) (A) and P. vesicalis Koch, 1856 (B). C. Hind leg of Gootiella tremulae Tullgren, 1925. D–G. Hind tibia and tarsus of Pachypapella lactea (Tullgren, 1909) (D), Pachypappa tremulae Tullgren, 1925 (E), P. populi (Linnaeus, 1758) (F) and P. vesicalis Koch, 1856 (G). A–B and D–G after Carter & Danielsson 1991, C after Danielsson 1990b. All modified.

Fig. 21 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)

Fig. 21. Prociphilus xylostei (deGeer, 1773). A–B. Apt. on mycorrhizal Picea abies roots under Pleurozium schreberi.

Fig. 20 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)

Fig. 20. Pachypappa populi (Linnaeus, 1758). Apt. from mycorrhizal Picea abies root in the moor layer of a shady spruce forest.

Fig. 22 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)

Fig. 22. Prociphilus pini (Burmeister, 1835). A. Colony on thin Pinus sylvestris root in the moor layer of a pine forest on rock. B–C. Apt. from Polytrichum commune sample.

Fig. 14 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)

Fig. 14. Muscaphis cuspidata (Stroyan, 1955). A–B. Apt. on Brachythecium rivulare. C. Ovip on Brachythecium rivulare.

Fig. 9 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)

Fig. 9. Pseudacaudella rubida (Börner, 1939). A. Apt. and juv. from Hylocomium splendens sample (grid 1 mm). B. Apt. and C. hibernating juv. on Pleurozium schreberi. D–E. Hibernating juv on Calliergon cordifolium.

Fig. 11. Jacksonia papillata Theobald, 1923 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)

Fig. 11. Jacksonia papillata Theobald, 1923. Aptera (photo Roger Blackman, from Blackman 2010, with license from The Royal Entomological Society).

Fig. 7 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)

Fig. 7. Decorosiphon corynothrix Börner, 1939. A. Apt. and juv. in Polytrichum commune sample. B. Apt. on Sphagnum magellanicum (with interpersed Polytrichum strictum). C. Apt. juv. on Polytrichum commune. D. Apt. juv. on S. magellanicum, showing rupture line.

Fig. 4 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)

Fig. 4. Dioecious one-year holocycle accompanied by a continuous anholocycle on the secondary host, e.g., Pachypappella lactea (leaf galls on aspen, Populus tremula; roots of spruce, Picea abies) or Tetraneura ulmi (leaf galls on elm, Ulmus; subterraneous parts of grasses, Poaceae). Zones as in Fig. 3. In some years the Finnish populations on the primary hosts (for P. lactea in South Finland) may be more or less absent, and their existence is dependent on the populations on the secondary hosts.

Fig. 5 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)

Fig. 5. Dioecious two-year holocycle in Adelgidae, e.g., Adelges laricis (shoot galls on spruce, Picea; needles of larch, Larix). All females oviparous. The fundatrix (hatched from a fertilized egg) overwinters as a larva, and induces the formation of a pineapple-like gall on the primary host. All her offspring are alate (gallicolae) and migrate to the secondary host, where they lay eggs on the needles. The aphids hatching move to the twigs where they hibernate as young larvae (the 'neosistens' stage). In spring they move back to the needles and become adults (sistentes). Their offspring are either alate sexuparae and migrate to spruce, or apterous 'progredientes'. In autumn the sexuparae fly to spruce and lay eggs which become sexual females and males, which mate. The females then lay eggs out of which new fundatrices hatch.

Fig. 3 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)

Fig. 3. Dioecious one-year holocycle (Rhopalosiphum padi). The inner zone represents the primary host (bird cherry, Prunus padus and allies), the outer zone the secondary (usually graminoids). The fundatrix gives birth to apterae, which in turn give birth to alatae, most of which migrate to the secondary hosts. In autumn males and gynoparae (viviparae giving birth to oviparae) migrate to the primary host, where mating and egg-laying take place. A small fraction of the viviparae may remain on the primary host

Fig. 2 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)

Fig. 2. Monoecious one-year life cycles. In the outer zone an ordinary monoecious holocycle in Aphididae. The fertilized egg overwinters and in spring the first viviparous parhenogenetic generation, the fundatrix (stem-mother) hatches. Upon the fundatrix follows a variable number of viviparous females (viviparae), apterous and/or alate. In autumn (sometimes earlier) sexuparae are born and in turn give birth to oviparous (sexual) females (ovipara) and males, which mate, and the oviparae lay eggs. The inner zone shows an anholocycle, with only parthenogenetic females (viviparous in Aphididae, oviparous in Adelgidae).

Figures 4–7 in First records of four aphids (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) from Macedonia

Figures 4–7. Viviparous alate of Amphorophora (Amphorophora) ampullata Buckton, 1876 from Macedonia: 4 – dorsal habitus; 5 – lateral habitus; 6 – antennal segments VI, IV–V and III; 7 – siphunculi. Scale bars 1 mm for Figs. 4– 5, 0.1 mm for Figs. 6–7.

Figure 1 in First records of four aphids (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) from Macedonia

Figure 1. Collecting sites in Macedonia: 1 – Pelister Mts, loc.2017/3; 2 – Plačkovica Mts, loc.2017/7–8 (altitudes above 500, 1000 and 2000 meters are shaded in different grey).

Figures 8–14 in First records of four aphids (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) from Macedonia

Figures 8–14. Viviparous aptera of Pterocomma italica Barbagallo & Stroyan, 1978 from Macedonia: 8 – colony on Salix sp.; 9 – ventral habitus on slide; 10 – siphunculi; 11 – antennal segment VI; 12 – hind tarsus; 13 – antennal segment II; 14 – combined rostral segments IV+V. Scale bars 1 mm for Fig. 9, 0.1 mm for Figs. 10–14, Fig. 8 not to scale.

Figures 2–3 in First records of four aphids (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) from Macedonia

Figures 2–3. Alate sexupara of Anoecia (Anoecia) corni (Fabricius, 1775) from Macedonia: 2 – abdomen; 3 – antenna. Scale bars 0.1 mm.