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FIGURE 2. Ovalidota milleri new genus, new species. A. Wheel ossicle, somewhat corroded. B in Ovalidota milleri, a new genus and species of bathyal sea cucumber from the Caribbean Sea (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Apodida)

FIGURE 2. Ovalidota milleri new genus, new species. A. Wheel ossicle, somewhat corroded. B. Scanning electrom microscope image of portion of corroded wheel ossicle, showing remains of teeth on inner margin of rim. C. Photograph of portion of corroded wheel ossicle. Note evidence of teeth where spokes meet the wheel rim.

FIGURE 1 in Ovalidota milleri, a new genus and species of bathyal sea cucumber from the Caribbean Sea (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Apodida)

FIGURE 1. Ovalidota milleri new genus, new species. Top, live specimen, in situ, on The Wall at Grand Cayman Island, depth 1,500 feet. Photograph: Paul Montemayor. Lower left, Holotype, total length 22 mm, ventral view. Photograph: J. E. Miller. Lower right, Holotype, dorsal view. Photograph J. E. Miller.

FIGURE 1. Chiridota heheva new species. Approximately 4 in Chiridota heheva, new species, from Western Atlantic deepsea cold seeps and anthropogenic habitats (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Apodida)

FIGURE 1. Chiridota heheva new species. Approximately 4 individuals in situ near whitish bacterial mats (?) at Florida Escarpment seep site, eastern Gulf of Mexico, 3,270 meters. Alvin Dive 1343. Approximate diameter of body 5 mm. Photo, S. Golubic.

FIGURE 3. A – C, E – J in Chiridota heheva, new species, from Western Atlantic deepsea cold seeps and anthropogenic habitats (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Apodida)

FIGURE 3. A – C, E – J, Chiridota heheva new species; D, Chiridota laevis (Fabricius). A, Left ventral radial piece from calcareous ring. Note absence of perforation for radial nerve. Length of piece 1. 9 mm. B, Right ventral interradial piece from calcareous ring; length of piece 1. 6 mm. C, Bipartite right dorsal radial piece from calcareous ring. Note absence of perforation for radial nerve. Length of piece 2. 7 mm. D, Chiridota laevis (Fabricius), bipartite right dorsal radial piece from calcareous ring. Note perforation for radial nerve. Length of piece mm. 1.6 mm. E, Rods from tentacles. Length of longest rod 177 µm. F, Inner surface of wheel from wheel papilla. Diameter of wheel 186 µm. G, Outer surface of wheel from wheel papilla. Diameter of wheel 154 µm. H, Three wheels from wheel papillae, two showing inner surface, one showing outer surface. Largest wheel abnormal in having teeth on margin of inner rim. Diameter of largest wheel 184 µm. I, Wheel in lateral view. Diameter of wheel 132 µm. J, Wheel in slightly oblique view. Diameter of wheel 190 µm.

FIGURE 2. Chiridota heheva new species. A in Chiridota heheva, new species, from Western Atlantic deepsea cold seeps and anthropogenic habitats (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Apodida)

FIGURE 2. Chiridota heheva new species. A, At Bathymodiolus heckeri mussel beds, Blake Ridge, closeup view showing anterior end of body with white spots (wheel papillae), and extended tentacles. Note fingerlike digits forming a fringe around tentacle terminal disc. Approximate diameter of tentacle stem 1 mm. From Van Dover et al., 2003, with permission. B, One individual at Bathymodiolus heckeri mussel beds, Blake Ridge, showing conspicuous white spots (wheel papillae) against bluish ground color of body wall. Approximate diameter of body 5 mm. Shrimp at right center is Alvinocaris sp. From Van Dover et al., 2003, with permission. C, At Central America wreck showing conspicuous white spots (wheel papillae) against bluish ground color of body wall. Image taken from videotape, Charles E. Herdendorf. Size of specimen unknown. D, At Central America wreck, showing extended feeding tentacles with conspicuous, discrete digits. Size of specimen unknown. Image taken from videotape, Charles E. Herdendorf. E, Oral field with 12 tentacles in a partially contracted state. Note absence of a “ ventral gap ” between tentacles. Long axis of mouth is 2 mm. F, Closeup view of contracted tentacles showing infolded digits. G, Partially contracted tentacle showing discrete digits. Approximate length of digits 1. 5 mm.

Fig. 5 in Three New Infaunal Species of Taeniogyrus (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Apodida: Chiridotidae: Taeniogyrinae) from Southern Coast of Wakayama, Japan

Fig. 5. External and internal morphologies of Taeniogyrus flavus sp. nov. A, D, G–I: holotype (WMNH-INV-2016-135); B, E: paratype (WMNH-INV-2016-138); C, F: paratype (WMNH-INV-2016-137). A, B, Lateral views of preserved states of the holotype and paratype, respectively; C, F, Right internal views of preserved states of a paratype (WMNH-INV-2016-137); D, E, tentacles of left side (viewed from oral disc) of the holotype and paratype, respectively; G, H, microphotograph of anterior dorsal skin of the holotype containing ossicles; I, microphotograph of ciliated funnels of the holotype. Abbreviations: ad, anterior dorsal; av, anterior ventral; CR, calcareous ring; fun: ciliated funnels; lm: longitudinal muscle; M, madreporite; pd, posterior dorsal; POL, Polian vesicle; pv, posterior ventral; SC, stone canal; te, tentacle.

Fig. 8 in Three New Infaunal Species of Taeniogyrus (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Apodida: Chiridotidae: Taeniogyrinae) from Southern Coast of Wakayama, Japan

Fig. 8. SEM image of calcareous ring parts and body ossicles of Taeniogyrus rubrus sp. nov. A–D: holotype (WMNH-INV-2019-299); E, F: paratype (WMNH-INV-2021-50). A, Right parts of calcareous ring (viewed from right side, dorsal upper); B–D, rod ossicles from a lateral tentacle (B), wheel ossicles from a wheel papilla of anterior dorsal skin (C), and sigmoid-hook ossicles from anterior dorsal skin (D); E, F, calcareous plates of medioventral RI (E) and mediodorsal IR5 (F) (anterior upper). Abbreviations: ro, rod ossicles; sh, sigmoid-hook ossicles; wh, wheel ossicles; wh', internal side of wheel ossicles.

Fig. 3 in Three New Infaunal Species of Taeniogyrus (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Apodida: Chiridotidae: Taeniogyrinae) from Southern Coast of Wakayama, Japan

Fig. 3. SEM images of ciliated funnels of holotypes of three new Taeniogyrus species. A, T. albulus sp. nov. (WMNH-INV- 2017-100); B, T. flavus sp. nov. (WMNH-INV-2016-135); C, T. rubrus sp. nov. (WMNH-INV-2019-299).

Fig. 2 in Three New Infaunal Species of Taeniogyrus (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Apodida: Chiridotidae: Taeniogyrinae) from Southern Coast of Wakayama, Japan

Fig. 2. External and internal morphologies of Taeniogyrus albulus sp. nov. A–G: holotype (WMNH-INV-2017-100); H: paratype (WMNH- INV-2018-23). A, B, Lateral views of preserved state and anaesthetized state, respectively; C, tentacles of left side (viewed from left side, dorsal upper); D, ciliated funnels along with lm RI (anterior left); E–G, microphotograph of anterior dorsal skin containing ossicles (E), anterior ventral skin containing ossicles (F), and ciliated funnels (G); H, left internal view of preserved states (anterior left). Abbreviations: ad, anterior dorsal; av, anterior ventral; CR, calcareous ring; fun: ciliated funnels; lm: longitudinal muscle; M, madreporite; pd, posterior dorsal; POL, Polian vesicle; pv, posterior ventral; SC, stone canal; sh, sigmoid-hook ossicle; te, tentacle; wh, wheel ossicle.

Fig. 1. Map showing the Kii Peninsula. Blank circles and a in Three New Infaunal Species of Taeniogyrus (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Apodida: Chiridotidae: Taeniogyrinae) from Southern Coast of Wakayama, Japan

Fig. 1. Map showing the Kii Peninsula. Blank circles and a solid black circle denote the sampling sites, for the three new taeniogyrid species of the present study and the previous studies (Yamana and Tanaka 2017a; Yamana et al. 2017), respectively.

Fig. 7 in Three New Infaunal Species of Taeniogyrus (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Apodida: Chiridotidae: Taeniogyrinae) from Southern Coast of Wakayama, Japan

Fig. 7. External and internal morphologies of Taeniogyrus rubrus sp. nov. A–E: paratype (WMNH-INV-2020-33); F–I: paratype (WMNH- INV-2021-50). A, B, Dorsal views of preserved state with anaesthetization and active state without anaesthetization, respectively; C–E, microphotographs of tentacles of left side (viewed from oral disc) (C), ciliated funnels situated along with lm RII (D) (anterior left), and anterior dorsal skin containing ossicles (E); F–I, microphotographs of discharging phase of wheel-papillae (F), discharged wheel-papillae (G), ciliated funnels (H), right internal view of preserved states (I) (anterior right). Abbreviations: ad, anterior dorsal; av, anterior ventral; CR: calcareous ring; fun: ciliated funnels; lm: longitudinal muscle; M: madreporite; pd, posterior dorsal; POL: Polian vesicle; pv, posterior ventral; SC: stone canal; sh, sigmoid-hook ossicle; te, tentacle.

Fig. 6 in Three New Infaunal Species of Taeniogyrus (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Apodida: Chiridotidae: Taeniogyrinae) from Southern Coast of Wakayama, Japan

Fig. 6. SEM image of calcareous ring parts and body ossicles of Taeniogyrus flavus sp. nov. A–D, F: holotype (WMNH-INV-2016-135); E: small-sized paratype (WMNH-INV-2016-140); G: middle sized paratype (WMNH-INV-2016-137). A, Right parts of calcareous ring (viewed from right side, dorsal upper); B–D, rod ossicles from a lateral tentacle (B), wheel ossicles from a wheel papilla of anterior dorsal (C), and sigmoid-hook ossicles from anterior dorsal skin (D); E–G, calcareous plate RI and IR5 of a small-sized paratype (E), RI of holotype (F), and IR5 of a middle-sized paratype (G) (anterior upper). Abbreviations: ro, rod ossicles; sh, sigmoid-hook ossicles; wh, wheel ossicles; wh', internal side of wheel ossicles.

Fig. 4 in Three New Infaunal Species of Taeniogyrus (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Apodida: Chiridotidae: Taeniogyrinae) from Southern Coast of Wakayama, Japan

Fig. 4. SEM images of calcareous ring parts and body ossicles of Taeniogyrus albulus sp. nov. A–E: holotype (WMNH-INV-2017-100); F: paratype (WMNH-INV-2017-101). A, Right parts of calcareous ring (viewed from right side, dorsal upper); B–D, wheel ossicles from a wheel papilla of anterior dorsal (B), curved rod ossicles (C) and sigmoid-hook ossicles (D) from anterior dorsal skin; E, rod ossicles from a lateral tentacle; F, calcareous plate IR5 of a paratype.

Figure 14 in A revision of Antarctic and some Indo-Pacific apodid sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Apodida)

Figure 14. SEM images for specimen of Taeniogyrus maculatus (H. L. Clark, 1921) (Swansea Channel, E Australia; RBINS IG 31 459 ex AM J21895). a, calcareous ring plates (with hook contaminants); b, wheels from body wall; c, hooks from body wall. d, montage photographs of ossicles of Taeniogyrus purpureus (Lesson, 1830) (Strait of Magellan; USNM 1004241); rods from tentacle, and wheels and hook from body wall.

Figure 4 in A revision of Antarctic and some Indo-Pacific apodid sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Apodida)

Figure 4. Myriotrochus antarcticus Smirnov and Bardsley, 1997 (S Orkney Is, 216 m; RBINS IG 31 459). a, SEM of plates of the calcareous ring with prominent anterior projections and undulating posterior margin and canals, dorso-lateral radial plate (lower left) with two anterior projections; b, SEM of wheels from the body wall.

Figure 9. a, b in A revision of Antarctic and some Indo-Pacific apodid sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Apodida)

Figure 9. a, b, ossicles from the holotype of Scoliorhapis massini sp. nov. (Shag Rocks; NMV F168635). a, SEM of hook from the body wall; b, SEM of rods from a tentacle. c, enhanced colour photo of preserved specimen of Taeniogyrus australianus (Stimpson, 1855), showing wheel cluster papillae (large) and hook clusters (small) (27 mm long; Australia, Sydney Harbour, 1968; AM J16377).

Figure 3 in A revision of Antarctic and some Indo-Pacific apodid sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Apodida)

Figure 3. Photo of Myriotrochus antarcticus Smirnov and Bardsley, 1997, showing 12 peltato-digitate tentacles, calcareous ring with high anterior pointed projections, and wheels distributed throughout body wall (7 mm long; S Orkney Is, 216 m; RBINS IG 31 459).

Figure 6 in A revision of Antarctic and some Indo-Pacific apodid sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Apodida)

Figure 6. Prototrochus barnesi sp. nov. (Shag Rocks; RBINS IG 31 459). a, SEM of plates of the calcareous ring with prominent single anterior projections; b, SEM of wheels from the body wall; c, SEM of rods from tentacles.

Figure 13 in A revision of Antarctic and some Indo-Pacific apodid sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Apodida)

Figure 13. SEM images for specimen of Taeniogyrus australianus (Stimpson, 1855) (Long Reef, Collaroy, Sydney; RBINS IG 31 459 ex AM J20086). a, plates from calcareous ring; b, wheels and hook from body wall; c, wheels from body wall; d, hooks from body wall; e, rods from tentacles.

Figure 5. a in A revision of Antarctic and some Indo-Pacific apodid sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Apodida)

Figure 5. a, montage photo of wheels from body wall of holotype of Myriotrochus hesperides O'Loughlin and Manjón-Cabeza, 2009 (Antarctic Peninsula; slide NMV F161516); b, montage photos of wheels from body wall of holotype of Myriotrochus nikiae sp. nov., with insert drawing of dorso-lateral radial (2 anterior projections) and adjacent inter-radial (single anterior projection) plates from calcareous ring (Ross Sea; NIWA 37812).