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Fig. 12 in Unveiling an enigma from the Cerrado: taxonomic revision of two sympatric species of Apostolepis Cope, 1862 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae: Elapomorphini) from central Brazil

Fig. 12. Apostolepis dimidiata (Jan, 1862), putative sister-species of Apostolepis albicollaris Lema, 2002, adult specimen from Estação Ecológica Santa Bárbara, São Paulo, Brazil. Photograph credit: Giordano Rossi.

Fig. 11 in Unveiling an enigma from the Cerrado: taxonomic revision of two sympatric species of Apostolepis Cope, 1862 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae: Elapomorphini) from central Brazil

Fig. 11. Lateral (A, E), medial (B, F), dorsal (C, G), and ventral (D, H) views of the lower jaw based on μCT imagery. A–D. Apostolepis albicollaris Lema, 2002, holotype (MCP 8355). E–H. A. cerradoensis Lema, 2003, holotype (MCP 15219). Different skull elements are digitally colored to improve visualization. Abbreviations: AN = angular; CP = compound bone; D = dentary; DPD = dorsal process of dentary; PCR = prearticular crest of compound bone; RP = retroarticular process of compound bone; SAC = surangular crest of compound bone; SP = splenial; VDP = ventral process of dentary.

Fig. 10 in Unveiling an enigma from the Cerrado: taxonomic revision of two sympatric species of Apostolepis Cope, 1862 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae: Elapomorphini) from central Brazil

Fig. 10. Anterior (A, C) and posterior (B, D) views of the skull and lower jaw based on μCT imagery. A–B. Apostolepis albicollaris Lema, 2002, holotype (MCP 8355). C–D. A. cerradoensis Lema, 2003, holotype (MCP 15219). Different skull elements are digitally colored to improve visualization. Abbreviations: AN = angular; BO = basioccipital; BS = basisphenoid; CP = compound bone; D = dentary; EXO = exoccipital; F = frontal; MX = maxilla; NA = nasal; P = parietal; PAL = palatine; PFR = prefrontal; PMX = premaxilla; PRO = prootic; PT = pterygoid; Q = quadrate; SMX = septomaxilla; SO = supraoccipital; SP = splenial; ST = supratemporal.

Fig. 9 in Unveiling an enigma from the Cerrado: taxonomic revision of two sympatric species of Apostolepis Cope, 1862 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae: Elapomorphini) from central Brazil

Fig. 9. Dorsal (A, D), lateral (B, E), and ventral (C, F) views of the skull based on μCT imagery. A–C. Apostolepis albicollaris Lema, 2002, holotype (MCP 8355). D–F. A. cerradoensis Lema, 2003, holotype (MCP 15219). Different skull elements are digitally colored and the mandible is removed for better visualization. Abbreviations: BO = basioccipital; BS = basisphenoid; ECP = ectopterygoid; EXO = exoccipital; F = frontal; MX = maxilla; NA = nasal; P = parietal; PAL = palatine; PFR = prefrontal; PMX = premaxilla; PRO = prootic; PT = pterygoid; Q = quadrate; SMX = septomaxilla; SO = supraoccipital; ST = supratemporal; V = vomer.

Fig. 8 in Unveiling an enigma from the Cerrado: taxonomic revision of two sympatric species of Apostolepis Cope, 1862 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae: Elapomorphini) from central Brazil

Fig. 8. Consensus topology of Apostolepis Cope, 1862 BI and ML phylogenetic relationships, support given in Bootstrap (top,> 80) for maximum likelihood inference and Consensus Support (bottom,> 80) for Bayesian inference. Scale bar = molecular distance. Inset photograph: Apostolepis albicollaris Lema, 2002 by Luís Felipe Carvalho de Lima.

Fig. 6. Apostolepis albicollaris Lema, 2002 in Unveiling an enigma from the Cerrado: taxonomic revision of two sympatric species of Apostolepis Cope, 1862 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae: Elapomorphini) from central Brazil

Fig. 6. Apostolepis albicollaris Lema, 2002, sexual dimorphism in morphometric (SVL, TL) and meristic (ventrals, subcaudals) characters. Outliers are indicated as circles, A. cerradoensis Lema, 2003 holotype indicated as red star.

Fig. 7 in Unveiling an enigma from the Cerrado: taxonomic revision of two sympatric species of Apostolepis Cope, 1862 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae: Elapomorphini) from central Brazil

Fig. 7. Geographic distribution of Apostolepis albicollaris Lema, 2002 in the Cerrado of Central Brazil. A. Total range, with minimum convex polygon representing extent of occurrence. B. Natural habitat remnants and land use and land cover changes (collection 4, MapBiomas 2021) within the range of A. albicollaris. C. Fire frequency between 2005 and 2015 (collection 1, MapBiomas 2021) within the range of A. albicollaris. D. Protected areas (ICMBio 2021) within the range of A. albicollaris.

Fig. 5. Apostolepis albicollaris Lema, 2002 in Unveiling an enigma from the Cerrado: taxonomic revision of two sympatric species of Apostolepis Cope, 1862 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae: Elapomorphini) from central Brazil

Fig. 5. Apostolepis albicollaris Lema, 2002, hemipenis. Sulcate and asulcate sides. Drawings: Arthur Tiutenko.

Fig. 4 in Unveiling an enigma from the Cerrado: taxonomic revision of two sympatric species of Apostolepis Cope, 1862 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae: Elapomorphini) from central Brazil

Fig. 4. Similar red species of Apostolepis Cope, 1862. A–F. Apostolepis albicollaris Lema, 2002 in life, adult individuals from Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil. G–H. Apostolepis dimidiata (Jan, 1862) in life, adult individual from Laguna Blanca, San Pedro, Paraguay. I–J. Apostolepis quirogai Giraudo & Scrocchi, 1998 in life, adult individual from Misiones, Argentina. Photograph credits: Cyro de Sousa Bernardes (A, C–D), Luís Felipe Carvalho de Lima (E–F), Jean-Paul Brouard (G–H), Amado Martínez (I–J), and Gabriel Horta (B).

Fig. 3. Apostolepis albicollaris Lema, 2002 in Unveiling an enigma from the Cerrado: taxonomic revision of two sympatric species of Apostolepis Cope, 1862 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae: Elapomorphini) from central Brazil

Fig. 3. Apostolepis albicollaris Lema, 2002, holotype (MCP 15219) from Minaçu, Goiás, Brazil. Head scalation. Drawings: Arthur Tiutenko.

Fig. 1 in Unveiling an enigma from the Cerrado: taxonomic revision of two sympatric species of Apostolepis Cope, 1862 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae: Elapomorphini) from central Brazil

Fig. 1. Degrees of morphological variation in dorsal and ventral view, of Apostolepis Cope, 1862 from the Cerrado. A. Apostolepis albicollaris Lema, 2002, holotype from Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil (MCP 8355). B. Apostolepis albicollaris, specimen from Ipameri, Goiás, Brazil (IBSP 092627). C. Apostolepis cerradoensis Lema, 2003, holotype from Minaçu, Goiás, Brazil (MCP 15219). Notice the varying degrees of ventral melanism polymorphism, ranging from uniformly black, to black and cream, and uniformly cream. Photograph credits: Douglas Sebben (A, C), Rafael P. Benetti (B). Scale bars = 10 mm.

Fig. 2. Apostolepis albicollarisLema, 2002 in Unveiling an enigma from the Cerrado: taxonomic revision of two sympatric species of Apostolepis Cope, 1862 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae: Elapomorphini) from central Brazil

Fig. 2. Apostolepis albicollarisLema, 2002, coloration in life and polymorphism. Holotype of A. albicollaris from Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil (MCP 8355) (top). Holotype of Apostolepis cerradoensis Lema, 2003 from Minaçu, Goiás, Brazil (MCP 15219) (bottom). Drawings: Arthur Tiutenko.

FIGURE 1 in Morphological variation of the rare psammophilous species Apostolepis gaboi (Serpentes, Dipsadidae, Elapomorphini)

FIGURE 1. Head views (left, right, dorsal and ventral, respectively) (A), dorsal (B) and ventral body views (C), tail views (dorsal and ventral, respectively), and dorsal midbody view (E) of the holotype of Apostolepis gaboi (MZUSP 10290) from Queimadas, municipality of Pilão Arcado, state of Bahia, Brazil.

FIGURE 4 in Morphological variation of the rare psammophilous species Apostolepis gaboi (Serpentes, Dipsadidae, Elapomorphini)

FIGURE 4. Sulcate (left), asulcate (center), and lateral (right) views of the fully everted and maximally expanded hemipenis of Apostolepis gaboi (MZUFBA 1683).

FIGURE 3 in Morphological variation of the rare psammophilous species Apostolepis gaboi (Serpentes, Dipsadidae, Elapomorphini)

FIGURE 3. Color pattern variation of the preserved specimens of Apostolepis gaboi. Dorsal (A) and lateral (B) views of the head, lateral (C) and dorsal (D) views of the midbody, and ventral view of the tail (E).

FIGURE 6 in Morphological variation of the rare psammophilous species Apostolepis gaboi (Serpentes, Dipsadidae, Elapomorphini)

FIGURE 6. Sulcate (left), asulcate (center), and lateral (right) views of the fully everted and maximally expanded hemipenis of Apostolepis ammodites (MZUSP 12069-A), A. arenaria (MZUSP 15573-B), A. assimilis (IB 52754-C), A. cearensis (MZUSP 19549-D), and A. gaboi (MZUFBA 1683-E).

FIGURE 5 in Morphological variation of the rare psammophilous species Apostolepis gaboi (Serpentes, Dipsadidae, Elapomorphini)

FIGURE 5. Landscape view from the Quaternary sandy dunes in the São Francisco River, state of Bahia, northeastern Brazil (A) and the map showing the distribution of Apostolepis gaboi in the left side of the São Francisco River (B). Photo A by Miguel Rodrigues.

FIGURE 2 in Morphological variation of the rare psammophilous species Apostolepis gaboi (Serpentes, Dipsadidae, Elapomorphini)

FIGURE 2. General view of the holotype of Apostolepis gaboi (MZUSP 10290) in life from Queimadas, municipality of Pilão Arcado, state of Bahia, Brazil. Photo by Miguel Rodrigues.

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Fig. 13 in Unveiling an enigma from the Cerrado: taxonomic revision of two sympatric species of Apostolepis Cope, 1862 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae: Elapomorphini) from central Brazil

Fig. 13. Apostolepis quirogai Giraudo & Scrocchi, 1998, adult specimen from Misiones, Argentina, in dorsal and ventral view. Photograph credits: Amado Martínez.