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30 results for “Appendicular skeleton”
Fig. 15 in The appendicular skeleton of Neuquensaurus, a Late Cretaceous saltasaurine sauropod from Patagonia, Argentina
Fig. 15. Phylogenetic relationships of Archosauriformes, showing main hypotheses of sauropod evolution (adapted from Wilson 2002; Nesbitt et al. 2009; Taylor 2009). Symbols indicate appendicular character evolution according the interpretation given in the present paper. The numbers indicate cladogram nodes as follows: 1, Archosauriformes; 2, Archosauria; 3, Ornithodira; 4, Dinosauromorpha; 5, Dinosauria; 6, Saurischia; 7, Sauropodomorpha; 8, Sauropoda; 9, Eusauropoda; 10, Neosauropoda; 11, Macronaria; 12, Titanosauriformes; 13, Somphospondili; 14, Titanosauria; 15, Saltasauridae; 16, Saltasaurinae.
Fig. 14 in The appendicular skeleton of Neuquensaurus, a Late Cretaceous saltasaurine sauropod from Patagonia, Argentina
Fig. 14. The saltasaurine sauropod Neuquensaurus, from the Anacleto Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Patagonia, Argentina. Metatarsals. A. Right metatarsal I of Neuquensaurus robustus (Huene, 1929) nomen dubium (MLP−CS 1179) in anterior (A1), posterior (A2), lateral (A3), medial (A4), proximal, anterior towards top (A5), and distal, anterior towards top (A6) views. B. Left metatarsal II of N. robustus nomen dubium (MLP−CS 1183) in anterior (B1), posterior (B2), lateral (B3), medial (B4), proximal, anterior towards top (B5), and distal, anterior towards top (B6) views. C. Left? metatarsal III of Neuquensaurus australis (Lydekker, 1893) (MLP−CS 1191) in anterior (C1), posterior (C2), medial (C3), lateral (C4), proximal, anterior towards top (C5), and distal, anterior towards top (C6) views. D. Right? metatarsal IV? of N. australis (MLP−CS 1193) in anterior (D1), posterior (D2), lateral (D3), medial (D4), proximal, anterior towards top (D5). E. Left metatarsal V of N. australis (MLP−CS 1180) in medial (E1), lateral (E2), and proximal, anterior towards top (E3). F. Pedal phalanx in anterior (F1), posterior (F2), lateral (F3), medial (F4), proximal, anterior towards top (F5), and distal, anterior towards top (F6) views. G. Pedal phalanx in anterior (G1), posterior (G2), lateral? (G3), medial? (G4), proximal, anterior towards top (G5), and distal, anterior towards top (G6) views.
Fig. 13 in The appendicular skeleton of Neuquensaurus, a Late Cretaceous saltasaurine sauropod from Patagonia, Argentina
Fig. 13. The saltasaurine sauropod Neuquensaurus robustus (Huene, 1929) nomen dubium, from the Anacleto Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Patagonia, Argentina. Fibula. Right fibula (MLP−CS 1265) in lateral (A, B), proximal, medial towards top (C), distal (D), posterior (E), medial (F), and anterior (G) views; photographs (A, E–G) and explanatory drawings (B–D).
Fig. 11 in The appendicular skeleton of Neuquensaurus, a Late Cretaceous saltasaurine sauropod from Patagonia, Argentina
Fig. 11. The saltasaurine sauropod Neuquensaurus robustus (Huene, 1929) nomen dubium, from the Anacleto Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Patagonia, Argentina. Tibia. A. Left tibia (MLP−CS 1264) in medial (A1), lateral (A2, A3), posterior (A4), anterior (A5), proximal, medial towards top (A6), and distal, medial towards top (A7) views; photographs (A1, A2, A4–A7) and explanatory drawing (A3). B. Right tibia (MCS−6) in medial (B1), lateral (B2), and proximal, medial towards top (B3) views.
Fig. 10 in The appendicular skeleton of Neuquensaurus, a Late Cretaceous saltasaurine sauropod from Patagonia, Argentina
Fig. 10. The saltasaurine sauropod Neuquensaurus, from the Anacleto Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Patagonia, Argentina. Femur. A. Left femur of Neuquensaurus australis (Lydekker, 1893) (MLP−CS 1118) in anterior (A1, A2) and posterior (A3, A4) views; photographs (A1, A3) and explanatory drawings (A2, A4). B. Right femur of Neuquensaurus robustus (Huene, 1929) nomen dubium (MCS−9) as proposed in this contribution in anterior (B1) and posterior (B2) views. C. Lectotype of N. robustus nomen dubium (MLP−CS 1488) as specified by Bonaparte and Gasparini (1978); left femur in anterior (C1) and posterior (C2) views.
Fig. 9 in The appendicular skeleton of Neuquensaurus, a Late Cretaceous saltasaurine sauropod from Patagonia, Argentina
Fig. 9. The saltasaurine sauropod Neuquensaurus australis (Lydekker, 1893), from the Anacleto Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Patagonia, Argentina. Pubis. Right pubis (MLP−CS 1102) in anterolateral (A, B) and medial (C) views; photograph (A, C) and explanatory drawing (B).
Fig. 8 in The appendicular skeleton of Neuquensaurus, a Late Cretaceous saltasaurine sauropod from Patagonia, Argentina
Fig. 8. The saltasaurine sauropod Neuquensaurus australis (Lydekker, 1893), from the Anacleto Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Patagonia, Argentina. Ischium. Right ischium (MPCA−CS 001) in lateral (A, B) and medial (C) views; photograph (A, C) and explanatory drawing (B). Iliac articular surface, lateral towards top (D). Pubic articular surface, lateral towards top (E).
Fig. 7 in The appendicular skeleton of Neuquensaurus, a Late Cretaceous saltasaurine sauropod from Patagonia, Argentina
Fig. 7. The saltasaurine sauropod Neuquensaurus australis (Lydekker, 1893), from the Anacleto Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Patagonia, Argentina. Sacrum and ilium. A. Sacrum with both ilia (MCS−5/16) in ventral view; photograph (A1) and explanatory drawing (A2). B. Left ilium (MLP−Av 2069) in lateral view. C. Right ilium (MLP−Ly 17) in lateral view. Note that MCS−5/16 (A1) is still into the plaster jacket.
Fig. 6 in The appendicular skeleton of Neuquensaurus, a Late Cretaceous saltasaurine sauropod from Patagonia, Argentina
Fig. 6. The saltasaurine sauropod Neuquensaurus robustus (Huene, 1929) nomen dubium, from the Anacleto Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Patagonia, Argentina. Metacarpals. A. Right metacarpal II (MLP−CS 1197) in anterior (A1), posterior (A2), lateral (A3), medial (A4), proximal, anterior towards top (A5), and distal, anterior towards top (A6) views. B. Right metacarpal III (MLP−CS 1189) in anterior (B1), posterior (B2), lateral (B3), medial (B4), proximal, anterior towards top (B5), and distal, anterior towards top (B6) views. C. Right metacarpal IV (MLP−CS 1238) in anterior (C1), posterior (C2), lateral (C3), medial (C4), proximal, anterior towards top (C5), and distal, anterior towards top (C6) views.
Fig. 5 in The appendicular skeleton of Neuquensaurus, a Late Cretaceous saltasaurine sauropod from Patagonia, Argentina
Fig. 5. The saltasaurine sauropod Neuquensaurus, from the Anacleto Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Patagonia, Argentina. Radius. A. Right radius of Neuquensaurus australis (Lydekker, 1893) (MLP−CS 1169) in posterior (A1, A2), lateral (A3), anterior (A4), medial (A5), proximal, anterior towards top (A6), and distal (A7) views; photographs (A1, A3–A7) and explanatory drawing (A2). B. Left radius of N. australis (MLP−CS 1176) in posterior (B1), lateral (B2), anterior (B3), medial (B4), proximal, anterior towards top (B5), and distal (B6) views. C. Lectotype of Neuquensaurus robustus (Huene, 1929) nomen dubium (MLP−CS 1171), as specified by Bonaparte and Gasparini (1978); left radius in posterior (C1), lateral (C2), anterior (C3), medial (C4), proximal, anterior towards top (C5), and distal (C6) views.
Fig. 3 in The appendicular skeleton of Neuquensaurus, a Late Cretaceous saltasaurine sauropod from Patagonia, Argentina
Fig. 3. The saltasaurine sauropod Neuquensaurus australis (Lydekker, 1893), from the Anacleto Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Patagonia, Argentina. Humerus. Left humerus (MLP−CS 1050) in anterior (A, F), proximal, anterior towards top (B, E), posterior (C, H), and distal, anterior towards top (D, G) views. Photographs (A–D) and explanatory drawings (E–H).
Fig. 2 in The appendicular skeleton of Neuquensaurus, a Late Cretaceous saltasaurine sauropod from Patagonia, Argentina
Fig. 2. The saltasaurine sauropod Neuquensaurus australis, from the Anacleto Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Patagonia, Argentina. Pectoral girdle. A. Left scapulocoracoid (MLP−CS 1096) in lateral view; photograph (A1) and explanatory drawing (A2). B. Fragment of left scapulocoracoid (MLP−CS 1298) in lateral view. C. Right coracoid (MLP−Ly 14) in lateral (C1) and medial (C2) view. D. Right sternal plate (MLP−CS 1295) in ventral view. E. Left sternal plate (MLP−CS 1104) in ventral view.
Fig. 1 in The appendicular skeleton of Neuquensaurus, a Late Cretaceous saltasaurine sauropod from Patagonia, Argentina
Fig. 1. The saltasaurine sauropod Neuquensaurus australis, from the Anacleto Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Patagonia, Argentina. A. Site map showing the Cinco Saltos area where specimens of Neuquensaurus have been recovered. B. Restoration of the skeleton mounted at the Museo de La Plata, Argentina. C. Skeletal reconstruction and body shape of Neuquensaurus showing preserved appendicular elements in dashed zones; adapted from Opisthocoelicaudia silhouette in Wilson and Sereno (1998).
Fig. 4 in The appendicular skeleton of Neuquensaurus, a Late Cretaceous saltasaurine sauropod from Patagonia, Argentina
Fig. 4. The saltasaurine sauropod Neuquensaurus, from the Anacleto Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Patagonia, Argentina. Ulna. A. Left ulna of Neuquensaurus australis (Lydekker, 1893) (MLP−CS 1306) in lateral (A1, A2), anterior (A3), posterior (A4), proximal, anterior towards top (A5), and distal (A6) views; photographs (A1, A3–A6) and explanatory drawing (A2). B. Lectotype of Neuquensaurus robustus (Huene, 1929) nomen dubium (MLP−CS 1094) as specified by Bonaparte and Gasparini (1978); left ulna in lateral (B1, B2), posterolateral (B3), medial (B4), proximal, anterior towards top (B5), and distal (B6) views; photographs (B1, B3–B6) and explanatory drawing (B2). C. Lectotype of N. robustus nomen dubium (MLP−CS 1095) as specified by Bonaparte and Gasparini (1978); right ulna in lateral (C1), posteromedial (C2), proximal, anterior towards top (C3), and distal (C4) views. D. Left ulna of N. robustus nomen dubium (MLP−CS 2004) as proposed in this contribution, in lateral (D1), medial (D2), and proximal, anterior towards top (D3) views.
Figure 5 in Long-bone geometry in columnar-limbed animals: allometry of the proboscidean appendicular skeleton
Figure 5. Independent contrasts reduced major axis (RMA) regression plots for the total sample of proboscideans. Slopes and correlations, respectively, are 1.079 and 0.902 (humerus), 0.961 and 0.841 (ulna), 0.761 and 0.857 (femur), and 0.828 and 0.873 (tibia).
Figure 3 in Long-bone geometry in columnar-limbed animals: allometry of the proboscidean appendicular skeleton
Figure 3. Morphometric comparisons of humereral and femoral proportions., Loxodonta africana; A, Elephas maximus, Z, Mammuthus (columbi, imperator, meridionalis, and primigenius); Δ, gomphotheres s.l. (Archaeobelodon filholi, Cuvieronius hyodon, Eubelodon morrilli, Gomphotherium angustidens, Gomphotherium productum, Mammut americanum, Serbelodon barbourensis, and Stegomastodon platensis).
Figure 2 in Long-bone geometry in columnar-limbed animals: allometry of the proboscidean appendicular skeleton
Figure 2. Phylogenetic tree structure of the 19 included proboscidean genera, along with inferred clade ages. References used in constructing the tree topology and assigning clade ages were Tassy & Pickford (1983), Tassy (1994, 1995a, b, c), Lister (1995), Kalb et al. (1995), Lambert (1995), Saunders (1995), Shoshani (1995b), Shoshani & Tassy (1995b), Shoshani et al. (1995, 1998), Tobien (1995), Todd & Roth (1995), Gheerbrant et al. (1996), and Thomas et al. (2000).
Figure 1 in Long-bone geometry in columnar-limbed animals: allometry of the proboscidean appendicular skeleton
Figure 1. Proboscidean limb bones: 1–5, humeri; 6–10, femora. 1 and 6, Loxodonta africana; 2 and 7, Elephas maximus; 3 and 8, Mammuthus imperator; 4 and 9, Stegomastodon superbus; 5 and 10, Mammut americanum.
Figure 4 in Postembryonic development of appendicular and axial skeletons in Labeo parvus (Cyprinidae)
Figure 4. - Schematic representations of the development of the vertebral column in Labeo parvus. In blue: cartilaginous structures (neural basal dorsal and haemal basal ventral arches) as observed with Alcian blue staining. In red: development of the osseous structures (neural basal dorsal arch, haemal basal ventral arch, and vertebral structure) as observed with Alizarin Red S. A: 14 days posthatching (dph); B: 19 dph; C: 24 dph; D: 29 dph.
Data from: Comparable disparity in the appendicular skeleton across the fish-tetrapod transition, and the morphological gap between fish and tetrapod postcrania
Appendicular skeletal traits are used to quantify changes in morphological disparity and morphospace occupation across the fish–tetrapod transition and to explore the informativeness of different data partitions in phylogeny reconstruction. Anterior appendicular data yield trees that differ little from those built from the full character set, whilst posterior appendicular data result in considerable loss of phylogenetic resolution and tree branch rearrangements. Overall, there is a significant incongruence in the signals associated with pectoral and pelvic data. The appendicular skeletons of fish and tetrapods attain similar levels of morphological disparity (at least when data are rarefied at the maximum sample size for fish in our study) and occupy similarly sized regions of morphospace. However, fish appear more dispersed in morphospace than tetrapods do. All taxa show a heterogeneous distribution in morphospace, and there is a clear separation between fish and tetrapods despite the presence of several evolutionarily intermediate taxa.
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