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FIGURE 4 in Comparative cytogenetic survey of the giant bonytongue Arapaima fish (Osteoglossiformes: Arapaimidae), across different Amazonian and Tocantins/Araguaia River basins

FIGURE 4 | Metaphase plates of Arapaima gigas from Mamirauá (MAM) population (Amazon River basin) hybridized with repetitive DNA sequences, including mono-, di- and trinucleotide microsatellites and the multigene families U2 snDNA. Bar=5 µm.

FIGURE 2 in Comparative cytogenetic survey of the giant bonytongue Arapaima fish (Osteoglossiformes: Arapaimidae), across different Amazonian and Tocantins/Araguaia River basins

FIGURE 2 | Karyotypes of Arapaima gigas male (A–C) and female (D–F) from Javaé (JAV) population (Araguaia-Tocantins River basin), sequentially arranged from Giemsa-stained (A and D), C-banded (B and E), and double-FISH (C and F) with 5S rDNA (green) and 18S rDNA (red) labeled chromosomes. Bar=5 µm.

FIGURE 1 in Comparative cytogenetic survey of the giant bonytongue Arapaima fish (Osteoglossiformes: Arapaimidae), across different Amazonian and Tocantins/Araguaia River basins

FIGURE 1 | Map of northern part of South America showing the sampling sites of Arapaima individuals analyzed in this study from Araguaia-Tocantins (brown) and Amazon (green) River basins, coded in the Tab. 1.

FIGURE 5 in Comparative cytogenetic survey of the giant bonytongue Arapaima fish (Osteoglossiformes: Arapaimidae), across different Amazonian and Tocantins/Araguaia River basins

FIGURE 5 | Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) experiments on metaphase chromosomes of Arapaima individuals from the Javaé (JAV) (A–D) and Mamirauá (MAM) populations (E–H). First column (A and E): DAPI images of chromosomes; Second column (B and F): Hybridization pattern using gDNA of A. gigas from MAM population (red): Third column (C and G): Hybridization pattern using the gDNA of A. gigas from JAV population (green); Fourth column (D and H) overlap of the images. The shared regions are highlighted in yellow. The arrows indicate the higher abundance of some repetitions in individuals from MAM population. Bar=5 µm.

FIGURE 3 in Comparative cytogenetic survey of the giant bonytongue Arapaima fish (Osteoglossiformes: Arapaimidae), across different Amazonian and Tocantins/Araguaia River basins

FIGURE 3 | Metaphase plates of Arapaima gigas from Javaé (JAV) population (Araguaia-Tocantins River basin) hybridized with repetitive DNA sequences, including mono-, di- and trinucleotide microsatellites and the multigene families U2 snDNA. Bar=5 µm.

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Figure 1. A in Is there a future for artisanal fishing in the Amazon? The case of Arapaima gigas

Figure 1. A) First sightings of Arapaima gigas (pirarucu) by fishermen in the area of the Santo Antônio reservoir (Madeira River) by decade; B) the possible origin of Arapaima gigas (pirarucu) in the Brazil-Bolivia border fish market and in the Santo Antônio Reservoir, where new occurrences are reported. Legend: Pisci = Fish farming.

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Figure 2 in Is there a future for artisanal fishing in the Amazon? The case of Arapaima gigas

Figure 2. Madeira River study area highlighting the locality (grey square) where the native pirarucu (Araipama gigas) populations exist, and the localities (asterisks) where non-native pirarucu have expanded since 2000 according to the reports of fishermen. Inserted graphs show the fishery production landed in the region of Guajará Mirim (Brazil) in 2016 (Source: present study) and Riberalta (Bolívia) in 2011 (Méndez et al. 2012).

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Figure 3 in Is there a future for artisanal fishing in the Amazon? The case of Arapaima gigas

Figure 3. Invasive Arapaima gigas (pirarucu) fished by a local angler in Mamoré River at Brazil-Bolivia border (Picture courtesy of: Fihsher's Association of Guajará Mirim).

Fig. 5 in Trophic ecology of Arapaima in Guyana: giant omnivores in Neotropical floodplains

Fig. 5. Structures associated with feeding in Arapaima, including: a) bony plates on the roof of the buccal cavity (vo = vomer, pas = parasphenoid, enp = entopterygoid, and dpt+ecp = fused dermopalatine+ectopterygoid), b) bony tongue (abbtp = anterior basibranchial toothplate) and gill rakers (gr), and c) jaw teeth (jaw bones are d = dentary, mx = maxilla, and pmx = premaxilla). Panels a and b are for a specimen from Mamirauá Reserve, Brazil (now a dried skeleton at Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil (INPA 26583, 121 cm TL, collected by C. Arantes, Nov. 2006); panel c is of a dried skull specimen from the Essequibo River that was on display at Iwokrama Centre, Guyana (estimated 239 cm TL, based on morphometric data for Essequibo basin Arapaima, Stewart & Watson, pers. comm.).

Fig. 6 in Trophic ecology of Arapaima in Guyana: giant omnivores in Neotropical floodplains

Fig. 6. Anatomy of the digestive tract from a 78 cm TL juvenile Arapaima from Mamirauá Reserve, Brazil (now a dried skeleton in Manaus, INPA 26582, collected by C. Arantes, Nov. 2006). The intestine in this specimen was 1.77 times TL, which was longer than the average for both Essequibo and Mamirauá populations.

Fig. 2 in Trophic ecology of Arapaima in Guyana: giant omnivores in Neotropical floodplains

Fig. 2. Scatter plot of δ13C and δ15N signatures for Arapaima and prey fish. The plot includes points for individual Arapaima (stars) and mean for values of prey taxa when possible (diamonds = piscivores, n = 6, triangles = omnivores, n = 12, squares = detritivores, n = 10). Species names for prey fishes are: Amb = Amblydoras sp., Anc = Ancistrus sp., Apt = Apteronotus cf. albifrons, Ch = Chilodus sp., Cre = Crenicichla sp., Cur = curimatid, Eig = Eigenmannia sp., Geo = Geophagus surinamensis, Hop = Hoplias malabaricus, Hyp = Hypostomus sp., Pla = Platydoras sp., Rin = Rineloricaria sp., Ste = Sternopygus sp., Tra = Trachycorystes trachcorystes.

Fig. 3 in Trophic ecology of Arapaima in Guyana: giant omnivores in Neotropical floodplains

Fig. 3. Histograms of the distribution of all feasible contributions of the three dietary fish groups for Arapaima: a) piscivores, b) omnivores, and c) algivores/detritivores based on the IsoSource model. Values in boxes are 1% percentile and 99% percentile ranges for these distributions.

Fig. 4 in Trophic ecology of Arapaima in Guyana: giant omnivores in Neotropical floodplains

Fig. 4. Histograms of the distribution of feasible contributions of the three dietary fish groups for Arapaima: a) piscivores, b) omnivores, and c) algivores/detritivores after imposing additional constraints of: I) omnivores> carnivores, and II) algivores/ detritivores> carnivores. Values in boxes are 1% percentile and 99% percentile ranges for these distributions.

Fig. 1 in Trophic ecology of Arapaima in Guyana: giant omnivores in Neotropical floodplains

Fig. 1. Map of collecting localities for stable isotope samples from the Essequibo River basin of southwestern Guyana. Sites are as follows: a) Banana Sucker Pond, b) Grass Pond, c) Makarapan Pond, d) Small Kumaka Pond, e) Inkapati Head Pond, and f) Stanley Lake. Inset shows location of study area in northern South America (black box with arrow) in relation to natural distribution of the genus Arapaima (grey shading).

Figure 2 in Morphological and histological data on the structure of the lingual toothplate of Arapaima gigas (Osteoglossidae; Teleostei)

Figure 2. - Arapaima gigas. Dorsal view of the hyoid and branchial skeleton (After Taverne, 1977). (Bbr 1 = Basibranchial; Cbr 1-5 = Ceratobranchial; Chy = Ceratohyal; DmBr 1-5 = Dermobasibranchial; Ebr = Epibranchial; Ehy = Epihyal; HBr 1-3 = Hypobranchial; lb = gill rackers; PBr = Pharyngobranchial 2-4). Scale bar = 2 cm.

Figure 1 in Morphological and histological data on the structure of the lingual toothplate of Arapaima gigas (Osteoglossidae; Teleostei)

Figure 1. - Arapaima gigas. Lateral view of the skull (After Taverne, 1977). (Ang = Angular; Ant = Antorbital; Chy = Ceratohyal; Den = Dental; Dsph = Dermosphenotic; Iop = Interopercular; Iorb 1-4 = Infraorbitar; Iop = Infraopercular; Mx = Maxilla; Op = Opercular; Pmx = Premaxilla; Pop = Preopercular; Pt Posttemporal; Sop = Subopercular). Scale bar = 2 cm.

Figure 4 in Morphological and histological data on the structure of the lingual toothplate of Arapaima gigas (Osteoglossidae; Teleostei)

Figure 4. - Arapaima gigas. Dorsal view of the surface of the lingual dentary plate showing numerous teeth. Axis xx' and yy' demarcate the localisation of the transverse sections and the rectangles a and b point to the frontal sections. Scale bar = 1 cm. Figure 5. - Arapaima gigas. Frontal view of the cross section (yy') of the lingual dentary plate. Detail of the spatial arrangement of the bony trabeculae between the two bony laminae. A sagittally-sectioned tooth is squared (see Fig. 7). Cm = medullar cavity. Scale bar = 2 mm. Figure 6. - Arapaima gigas. External view of the lingual dentary plate showing the translucent tooth tips (arrows). Scale bar = 1 mm. Figure 7. - Arapaima gigas. Detail of the pulp cavity of the lingual tooth squared in Fig. 5. We observe thin infolds of the dentine wall in the pulp cavity (arrowheads). Scale bar = 250 µm.

Figure 3 in Morphological and histological data on the structure of the lingual toothplate of Arapaima gigas (Osteoglossidae; Teleostei)

Figure 3. - Arapaima gigas. Dorsal view of cleared and stained gill arches from specimens of various ontogenetic stages. The visceral arches on the left are in anatomical position, whilst those on the right are unfolded. A: Specimen UERJ PMB-127 (16.7 mm SL). The endoskeleton is fully cartilaginous, lacking any ossification centre, but showing a few teeth (arrowheads) developing in front of the line of copulas between the hyoid arch and second branchial arch (see detail Fig. 3B). B: Same specimen. Detail of the anterior half of the line of copulas showing lingual teeth (arrowheads). C: Specimen UERJ PMB-135 (27.6 mm SL). Basibranchial elements 1-3 and "hypo", "cerato" and "epi" elements show clear areas of diaphyseal ossification. Gill rackers and branchiostegal rays are ossified. D: Specimen UERJ PMB-159 (62.2 mm SL). The tongue plate (basibranchial toothplate) is clearly differentiated. There is at least one posterior toothplate on the surface of basibranchial 4 (arrowhead). E: Same specimen. Detail of the first two basibranchials showing many lingual teeth (arrowheads). F: Specimen UERJ PMB-106 (110 mm SL). The entire hyoid (except basihyal) and branchial skeleton are ossified, with the only joint areas remaining cartilaginous (coloured blue). Some small bony toothplates are located posterior to the line of copulas (arrowheads) at the base of the fifth gill arch. (Ab1-Ab5 = gill arches 1-5; Ah = hyoid arch; bb1-bb4 = basibranchial 1-4; bh = basihyal; cb1 = ceratobranchial 1; ch = ceratohyal; eb1-4 = epibranchial 1-4; eh = epihyal; hb1 = hypobranchial 1; hh = hypohyal; lb = gill rakers; lc = line copulas; pd Ab4 = branchial arch 4 toothplate; pdl = lingual (basibranchial) toothplate; rb = branchiostegal rays). Scale bars: A, C, E = 1 mm; B = 250 µm; D = 5 mm; F = 10 mm.

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Fig. 2 in Chromosomal characterization of the bonytongue Arapaima gigas (Osteoglossiformes: Arapaimidae)

Fig. 2. Metaphases of Arapaima gigas. (a) Silver nitrate-stained showing two Ag-NOR sites (arrows); (b) and (c) 18S rDNA - FISH showing a single NOR-bearing chromosome pair and NOR size polymorphism (arrows); (d) C-banded chromosomes showing centromeric heterochromatin. Bar = 5 µm.