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Fig. 10 in An enigmatic new archosauriform from the Carnian- Norian, Upper Triassic, Ischigualasto Formation of northwestern Argentina

Fig. 10. Strict consensus tree of the 1188 MPTs (A), and reduced strict consensus tree of the 1188 MPTs (B) showing the alternative phylogenetic positions for Incertovenator longicollum gen. et sp. nov. ("a") and the combined OTU for Trialestes romeri ("b"). Note that in the strict consensus trees the clade Aphanosauria is not exactly recovered as defined by Nesbitt et al. (2017) (Spondylosoma + Teleocrater + Dongosuchus + Yarasuchus) due to the multiple alternative phylogenetic positions of Incertovenator longicollum gen. et sp. nov. and Spondylosoma absconditum.

Fig. 11 in An enigmatic new archosauriform from the Carnian- Norian, Upper Triassic, Ischigualasto Formation of northwestern Argentina

Fig. 11. Reduced strict consensus tree of the 1188 MPTs depicting alternative most-parsimonious phylogenetic positions (solid black circles) and suboptimal alternative positions of one extra step and two extra steps for Incertovenator longicollum gen. et sp. nov.; "b" represents the alternative most-parsimonious positioins for Trialestes romeri (combined OTU). Schematic drawings of anterior cervical vertebrae in right lateral view of selected taxa with elongated necks: Tropidosuchus romeri (A; modified from Arcucci 1990), Teleocrater rhadinus NMT RB505 (B), Incertovenator longicollum gen. et sp. nov. PVSJ 397 (C), Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum PVL 4597 (D; modified from Lecuona et al. 2017), Xilousuchus sapingensis IVPP V6026 (E), Mandasuchus tanyauchen NHMUK PV R6792 (F), Trialestes romeri PVL 3889 (G). E–G are mirrored for comparison. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 9 in An enigmatic new archosauriform from the Carnian- Norian, Upper Triassic, Ischigualasto Formation of northwestern Argentina

Fig. 9. Photographs (A1, A2) and interpretative drawings (A3, A4) of left ilium of the archosauriform Incertovenator longicollum gen. et sp. nov. (PVSJ 397) from Ischigualasto Formation (Carnian–Norian), Hoyada de Ischigualasto, Argentina; in lateral (A1, A3) and medial (A2, A4) views. Arrows indicate anterior direction.

Fig. 8 in An enigmatic new archosauriform from the Carnian- Norian, Upper Triassic, Ischigualasto Formation of northwestern Argentina

Fig. 8. Photograph (A1) and interpretative drawing (A2) of selected sacral (S1, S2) and caudal vertebrae (Ca1, Ca2) of the archosauriform Incertovenator longicollum gen. et sp. nov. (PVSJ 397) from Ischigualasto Formation (Carnian–Norian), Hoyada de Ischigualasto, Argentina; in right {?} view. Gray coloring represents bone fragments and sediment.

Fig. 6 in An enigmatic new archosauriform from the Carnian- Norian, Upper Triassic, Ischigualasto Formation of northwestern Argentina

Fig. 6. Photographs of selected dorsal vertebrae (D6–D8) of the archosauriform Incertovenator longicollum gen. et sp. nov. (PVSJ 397) from Ischigualasto Formation (Carnian–Norian), Hoyada de Ischigualasto, Argentina; in right (A1) and left (A2) lateral views. Arrows indicate anterior direction.

Fig. 4 in An enigmatic new archosauriform from the Carnian- Norian, Upper Triassic, Ischigualasto Formation of northwestern Argentina

Fig. 4. Photograph (A1) and interpretative drawing (A2) of articulated pair of anterior cervical vertebrae of the archosauriform Incertovenator longicollum gen. et sp. nov. (PVSJ 397) from Ischigualasto Formation (Carnian–Norian), Hoyada de Ischigualasto, Argentina; in right lateral view. Posterior view of neural spine detailed in inset (stippled lines). Grey coloring represents broken bones and other fragments. Arrow indicates anterior direction.

Fig. 3 in An enigmatic new archosauriform from the Carnian- Norian, Upper Triassic, Ischigualasto Formation of northwestern Argentina

Fig. 3. Photograph (A1) and interpretative drawing (A2) of isolated anterior cervical vertebra of the archosauriform Incertovenator longicollum gen. et sp. nov. (PVSJ 397) from Ischigualasto Formation (Carnian–Norian), Hoyada de Ischigualasto, Argentina; in right lateral view. Grey coloring represents broken bones and other fragments.Arrow indicates anterior direction.

Fig. 5 in An enigmatic new archosauriform from the Carnian- Norian, Upper Triassic, Ischigualasto Formation of northwestern Argentina

Fig. 5. Photograph (A1) and interpretative drawing (A2) of the articulated series of dorsal vertebrae (D6–D10) of the archosauriform Incertovenator longicollum gen. et sp. nov. (PVSJ 397) from Ischigualasto Formation (Carnian–Norian), Hoyada de Ischigualasto, Argentina; in right lateral view. Gray coloring represents broken bones and sediment. Arrow indicates anterior direction.

Fig. 7 in An enigmatic new archosauriform from the Carnian- Norian, Upper Triassic, Ischigualasto Formation of northwestern Argentina

Fig. 7. Photograph of articulated series of sacral vertebrae (S1, S2) and anterior caudal vertebrae (Ca1–Ca5) of the archosauriform Incertovenator longicollum gen. et sp. nov. (PVSJ 397) from Ischigualasto Formation (Carnian–Norian), Hoyada de Ischigualasto, Argentina; in right lateral view. Arrow indicates anterior direction.

Fig. 2 in An enigmatic new archosauriform from the Carnian- Norian, Upper Triassic, Ischigualasto Formation of northwestern Argentina

Fig. 2. Photographs (A1, A2) and interpretative drawings (A3, A4) of the axis, third cervical vertebra and third cervical rib of the archosauriform Incertovenator longicollum gen. et sp. nov. (PVSJ 397) from Ischigualasto Formation (Carnian–Norian), Hoyada de Ischigualasto, Argentina; in left (A1, A3) and right A2, A4) lateral views. Arrows indicate anterior direction.

Fig. 1 in An enigmatic new archosauriform from the Carnian- Norian, Upper Triassic, Ischigualasto Formation of northwestern Argentina

Fig. 1. Geographic and stratigraphic position of the holotype specimen of Incertovenator longicollum gen. et sp. nov. (PVSJ 397). A, B. Geological map of the Ischigualasto–Villa Unión Basin. Asterisk indicates the type locality. C. Stratigraphic section of the Ischigualasto Formation. Modified from Martínez 1994.

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Fig. 1 in Spinosaurs As Phytosaur Mimics: A Case Of Convergent Evolution Between Two Extinct Archosauriform Clades

Fig. 1. Convergently shared craniodental characters between Spinosauridae (A) and Phytosauria with "brachyrostral" skull (B). Characters: 1. anterior ends of premaxilla and dentary are rounded, laterally and ventrally expanded and bear enlarged teeth ("rosettes"); 2. a concavity posterior to the premaxillary "rosette" that bears smaller teeth that accommodates the lower jaw "rosette" when the mouth is closed, accompanied by a medial constriction of this part of a snout; 3. a ventrally convex margin of the upper jaw behind concavity bearing enlarged teeth; 4. down-turn of the upper jaw towards its tip so that the anteroventral part of the nondentigerous region of the premaxillary "rosette" is at the same level with the tooth row in more posterior region; 5. laterally flattened snout that is moderately deepened dorsoventrally, unlike the dorsoventrally compressed condition in crocodilians; 6. relatively small size of an antorbital fenestra; 7. a bony palate that is formed by medial extensions of adjacent bones (e.g., premaxilla, maxilla); 8. a concavity in the anterior part of the dentary that receives a ventral expansion of the upper jaw; 9. lower teeth behind the dentary "rosette" significantly smaller than those of the "rosette". Images used in A are modified from Bertin (2010) and Ibrahim et al.

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Fig. 2 in Spinosaurs As Phytosaur Mimics: A Case Of Convergent Evolution Between Two Extinct Archosauriform Clades

Fig. 2. Cranial evolution of Phytosauria (A) and Spinosauridae (B), with lateral and dorsal views of the skull/snout, shared morphological changes highlighted. Phytosauria is represented by the early-diverging, dolichorostral Parasuchus hislopi and the laterdiverging, brachyrostral Machaeroprosopus mccauleyi. Spinosauridae is represented by the early-diverging Suchomimus tenerensis and the later-diverging Spinosaurus aegyptiacus. Images used in A are modified from Datta et al. (2021), and those of B, from Sereno et al. (1998) and Ibrahim et al. (2020), respectively.

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Fig. 3 in Spinosaurs As Phytosaur Mimics: A Case Of Convergent Evolution Between Two Extinct Archosauriform Clades

Fig. 3. Differences between the snouts of early-diverging (Baryonyx walkeri, after Bertin, 2010) and later-diverging (Oxalaia quilombensis, after Kellner et al., 2011) spinosaurid taxa in ventral (A) and lateral (B) views, with morphological differences highlighted.

FIGURE 5 in A large, pathological skeleton of Smilosuchus gregorii (Archosauriformes: Phytosauria) from the Upper Triassic of Arizona, U.S.A., with discussion of the paleobiological implications of paleopathology in fossil archosauromorphs

FIGURE 5. Right (A, B) and incomplete left (C, D) humeri of USNM 18313 in dorsal/lateral (A, C) and ventral/medial (B, D) views. Abbreviations: ect = ectepicondyle; eg = entepicondylar groove; ent = entepicondyle; hh = humeral head; pb = pathological bone; x-x' = location of histological thin-section shown in Figure 5. Scale bar equals 5 cm.

FIGURE 2 in A large, pathological skeleton of Smilosuchus gregorii (Archosauriformes: Phytosauria) from the Upper Triassic of Arizona, U.S.A., with discussion of the paleobiological implications of paleopathology in fossil archosauromorphs

FIGURE 2. Stratigraphy of the lower Chinle in the vicinity of St. Johns, Arizona. Blue Hills and St. Johns Landfill sections from Heckert and Lucas (2003), St. Johns South section is new to this study and described in Appendix 2.

FIGURE 1 in A large, pathological skeleton of Smilosuchus gregorii (Archosauriformes: Phytosauria) from the Upper Triassic of Arizona, U.S.A., with discussion of the paleobiological implications of paleopathology in fossil archosauromorphs

FIGURE 1. Index maps showing the geographic position of the study area in the USA (A) and on a generalized geologic map of east-central Arizona (B) showing the most prolific Triassic localities in east-central Arizona, including the Blue Hills (BH), Big Hollow Wash (BHW) and Blue Mesa (BM) in the Petrified Forest National Park (PFNP). The specimen described here probably came from the Blue Hills but may have come from Big Hollow Wash. The modern administrative boundary of the PFNP is in black, the approximate outline of the smaller monument in 1948 is marked by the white inset. Arizona Maps modified from Richard et al., 2002, Arizona Geological Survey publication DGM-17 (http://data.azgs.az.gov/geologic-map-of-arizona)

FIGURE 8 in A large, pathological skeleton of Smilosuchus gregorii (Archosauriformes: Phytosauria) from the Upper Triassic of Arizona, U.S.A., with discussion of the paleobiological implications of paleopathology in fossil archosauromorphs

FIGURE 8. Left (A, B) and right (C, D) ulnae of USNM 18313 in medial (A, D) and lateral (B, C) views. Abbreviations: op = olecranon process; pb = pathological bone; pbl = pathological bone lesion; ra = radial articulation. Scale bar equals 5 cm.

FIGURE 4 in A large, pathological skeleton of Smilosuchus gregorii (Archosauriformes: Phytosauria) from the Upper Triassic of Arizona, U.S.A., with discussion of the paleobiological implications of paleopathology in fossil archosauromorphs

FIGURE 4. Reconstruction of the skeleton of USNM 18313 in left lateral view. Preserved bones are in white, bones that were not preserved are in gray, and pathological elements are in yellow.

FIGURE 7 in A large, pathological skeleton of Smilosuchus gregorii (Archosauriformes: Phytosauria) from the Upper Triassic of Arizona, U.S.A., with discussion of the paleobiological implications of paleopathology in fossil archosauromorphs

FIGURE 7. Histological section of left humerus of USNM 18313 in distal view (A-B) Overview of complete section showing regions highlighted in C-D, with color-added version (B) to highlight different tissues. (C) Normal lamellar cortical bone (top) transitions into the woven bone of the medullary cavity (bottom); (D) Periosteal new bone formation composed of woven bone arranged nearly perpendicularly to the eroded lamellar cortical surface; fragments of normal cortical bone and remodeled bone are taphonomically juxtaposed. Abbreviations: ecb = eroded cortical bone; LAGs = lines of arrested growth; lcb = lamellar cortical bone; mc, medullary cavity; pnb = new periosteal bone (pathological); rb = remodeled bone. Colors: red = spongy bone of medullary region; yellow = lamellar cortical bone; blue, periosteal new bone (pathological); green = remodeled bone (pathological). Scale bars equal 1 cm (a-b) and 5 mm (c-d).