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12 results for “Arenopsaltria”
Figure 5 in Arenopsaltria nubivena (Cicadidae: Cicadinae: Cryptotympanini) from the Arid Regions of Central Australia and Southwest Western Australia
Figure 5. Arenopsaltria nubivena, waveform plots of calling songs from 5.6 km west of Windorah, southwest Queensland; (A) general view showing the relatively uniform, continuous buzzing song, but showing two short breaks (marked by hollow arrows); (B) time expanded segment of calling song showing the repeated macrosyllables, each with six dominant syllables, the arrows defining the limits of the individual macrosyllables; (C) higher resolution waveform plot of two macrosyllables, the filled arrow marking the boundary between the macrosyllables. The six dominant syllables (DS) each comprise 5 to 7 high amplitude carrier wave pulses. The time intervals between the dominant and secondary syllables (SS) comprise lower amplitude background pulses, variably frequency modulated; the horizontal arrows define the syllable repetition rates (RR) and the intra-syllable durations between the dominant and secondary syllables. Field recordings, filtered to 1 kHz.
Figure 10 in Arenopsaltria nubivena (Cicadidae: Cicadinae: Cryptotympanini) from the Arid Regions of Central Australia and Southwest Western Australia
Figure 10. Arenopsaltria fullo, waveform plot of calling song from Mullaloo Beach, Perth, Western Australia. (A) general view of continuous buzzing song clearly exhibiting division into discrete macrosyllables; (B) time expanded view showing more detail of the macrosyllable structures, each comprised of five pairs of double syllables; (C) higher resolution view of a single macrosyllable showing more detail of the five double syllables. Field recording, unfiltered.
Figure 6 in Arenopsaltria nubivena (Cicadidae: Cicadinae: Cryptotympanini) from the Arid Regions of Central Australia and Southwest Western Australia
Figure 6. Arenopsaltria nubivena, waveform plots of calling songs from 19 km east-southeast of Windorah, southwest Queensland. (A) song segment with three dominant syllables in each macrosyllable, the hollow arrows marking the macrosyllable limits; (B) time expanded segment of three macrosyllables each with six dominant syllables, the limits of each marked by the arrows; (C) end segment of an extended buzzing element showing macrosyllables (limits marked by arrows) with three syllables, but with the third syllable having a strong reduction in amplitude; following the buzz element, separated by 17 ms, is a macrosyllable comprising three syllables, the third syllable also strongly reduced in amplitude. Field recordings, filtered to 4 kHz.
Figure 2 in Arenopsaltria nubivena (Cicadidae: Cicadinae: Cryptotympanini) from the Arid Regions of Central Australia and Southwest Western Australia
Figure 2. New distribution records for Arenopsaltria nubivena. Filled arrows indicate locations of audio recordings. The generalized distribution of A. nubivena in South Australia and northwestern Victoria, shown by the heavy circled line, is from Moulds (1990, 2012), and marks the known distribution prior to this work. The dotted lines are roads. The dashed lines are State boundaries. The dot-dash line shows the approximate boundary of the ecoregion which defines the dominance of deserts and xeric shrublands within inland Australia (National Reserve System map, published by Australian Government). The filled arrows mark the locations of the audio recordings of A. nubivena illustrated in this paper. The hollow arrows show the locations of the audio recordings of A. fullo and A. pygmaea. The general locations of the major dunefields and other relevant areas noted in the text are labelled.
Figure 4 in Arenopsaltria nubivena (Cicadidae: Cicadinae: Cryptotympanini) from the Arid Regions of Central Australia and Southwest Western Australia
Figure 4. Arenopsaltria nubivena (Walker), male holotype, body length 21.4 mm, held in the British Museum of Natural History.
Figure 9 in Arenopsaltria nubivena (Cicadidae: Cicadinae: Cryptotympanini) from the Arid Regions of Central Australia and Southwest Western Australia
Figure 9. Comparative plots of amplitude spectra of: (A) Arenopsaltria pygmaea from 14 km northeast of Jurien Bay, Western Australia; (B) Arenopsaltria fullo, from Mullaloo Beach, north of Perth, Western Australia; (C–F) Arenopsaltria nubivena, from, respectively; 5.6 km west of Windorah, southwest Queensland; 72 km south of Cooper Creek crossing, Birdsville Track, Strzelecki Desert, South Australia; 105 km east southeast of Yulara, southern Northern Territory; and 18 km east of Eneabba, Western Australia, respectively. Note the weak extensions in all the plots to frequencies higher than the defined dominant frequency. The horizontal bars define the high amplitude frequency envelope of each spectrum, used to estimate the dominant frequency and the nominal bandwidth of each song. Each spectrum shown only between 3 to 16 kHz.
Figure 1. Arenopsaltria nubivena, 5.6 in Arenopsaltria nubivena (Cicadidae: Cicadinae: Cryptotympanini) from the Arid Regions of Central Australia and Southwest Western Australia
Figure 1. Arenopsaltria nubivena, 5.6 km west of Windorah, southwest Queeensland. (A) fore and hind wings; (B) lateral abdomen view; (C) left timbal, posterior margin at right, dorsal edge at top; (D) left opercula; (E, F) male pygofer and genitalia—E, lateral view; F, ventral view. Terminology for the opercula follows de Boer (1999; note that the crest is described fully by that author as "crest around distolateral corner of basal part of operculum"). Terminology for timbals: LR1 to LR4, long ribs 1 to 4; SR, short (intercalary) ribs; TP, timbal plate. Terminology for pygofer: aed, aedeagus; as, anal styles; at, anal tube; bl, basal lobe of pygofer; bp, basal plate; db, dorsal beak; ds, distal shoulder; md, median lobe of uncus; sl, subapical lobe of uncus. Length of pygofer 3.8 mm. Scale bars 1 mm, except wings (5 mm).
Figure 3 in Arenopsaltria nubivena (Cicadidae: Cicadinae: Cryptotympanini) from the Arid Regions of Central Australia and Southwest Western Australia
Figure 3. Arenopsaltria nubivena (Walker); (A) male, Queensland Museum reference QMT196193, body length 22.6 mm; (B) female, QMT196194, body length 21.7 mm. Both specimens from Pulchera Waterhole, Mulligan River, Ethabuka Reserve, southwest Queensland.
Figure 8 in Arenopsaltria nubivena (Cicadidae: Cicadinae: Cryptotympanini) from the Arid Regions of Central Australia and Southwest Western Australia
Figure 8. Arenopsaltria nubivena, higher resolution waveform and accompanying amplitude spectra plots of complete macrosyllables and segments of adjacent macrosyllables. The two recordings are of the calling songs, from 5.6 km west of Windorah, southwest Queensland. The macrosyllables each have six dominant syllables. A and C are waveform plots showing the high amplitude dominant syllables (labelled DS in A), these separated by smaller secondary syllables (labelled SS in A). Between these syllables are mostly low amplitude background pulses, possibly reverberation induced. The results of measurements on the carrier wave pulses are shown above the waveforms, showing the limits and calculated frequency (in kHz) within each of the short song segments, these mostly corresponding to the syllables and background pulses. B and D are the respective amplitude spectra of each of the two waveforms shown in A and C. The numbers adjacent to the selected spectral peaks are kHz. The measured frequency ranges (horizontal lines) and weighted mean frequency (downward pointing arrows), which are derived from the waveform plots, are shown. Song recordings filtered to 1 kHz.
Figure 12 in Arenopsaltria nubivena (Cicadidae: Cicadinae: Cryptotympanini) from the Arid Regions of Central Australia and Southwest Western Australia
Figure 12. Species Climatic Envelope (SCE) models for Arenopsaltria nubivena produced using MaxEnt: (A) present day (1950–2000) model; (B) standard deviation of the present day model; (C) Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) projection; (D) standard deviation of the LGM projection. The coloured columns labelled 1 to 10 represent the raw outputs from an exponential function of the probability of occurrence (with 1 equal to 100% modelled likelihood of occurrence). The standard deviation maps depict variation in the model between 10 independent runs. Areas with a higher standard deviation varied more strongly in predicted climatic suitability for the species between different runs.
Figure 7 in Arenopsaltria nubivena (Cicadidae: Cicadinae: Cryptotympanini) from the Arid Regions of Central Australia and Southwest Western Australia
Figure 7. Arenopsaltria nubivena, waveform plots of calling songs from; (A) 105 km east-southeast of Yulara, southern Northern Territory, a higher resolution plot of buzzing element showing the macrosyllables, each with three dominant syllables, the hollow arrows marking the macrosyllable limits. (B, C) from 18 km east of Eneabba, southwestern Western Australia, higher resolution plots; B, showing a transition from initially six syllables per macrosyllable to three syllables per macrosyllable; C, further time expanded plot of three macrosyllables, each with six dominant syllables, the initiation of each macrosyllable marked by a higher amplitude syllable; (D) from 72 km south of Cooper Creek crossing, Birdsville Track, Strzelecki Desert, northeastern South Australia, showing macrosyllables with three and six dominant syllables, the arrows marking the macrosyllable limits. Field recordings, A filtered to 4 kHz, B to 5 kHz, C to 2 kHz, D to 1 kHz.
Figure 11 in Arenopsaltria nubivena (Cicadidae: Cicadinae: Cryptotympanini) from the Arid Regions of Central Australia and Southwest Western Australia
Figure 11. Arenopsaltria pygmaea, waveform plot of calling song from 14 km northeast of Jurien Bay, Western Australia. (A) general view of continuous buzzing song clearly exhibiting the discrete macrosyllables; (B) time expanded view showing more detail of the macrosyllable structures, each comprised of between 11 to 18 syllables; (C, D) higher resolution plots of a single macrosyllable from two separate recordings showing more detail of the syllables. Field recordings, filtered to 3 kHz.
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