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FIG. 5. — A in Aristotle on the anatomy of the heart and lungs (HA 1.17): new insights from a multidisciplinary approach

FIG. 5. — A, Fresh lungs of a pig. The colour of the lungs is deep red, as is the case for the lungs in mammals; B, lungs of a chicken. Notice the pale pink colour of the lungs, which coincides with most anatomical descriptions of a chicken's lungs. This image is magnified for viewing purposes. Credits: A, Oleksandr Lyt- vynenko; B, E-Iona; taken and modified from https://www.shutterstock.com/, last consultation on 4 December 2023.

FIG. 3 in Aristotle on the anatomy of the heart and lungs (HA 1.17): new insights from a multidisciplinary approach

FIG. 3. — The process of breathing for gas exchange and the pressure change in the pleural cavity: A, during inspiration, air enters the lungs (light blue arrow), the negative pressure inside of the pleural cavity (black arrowhead) decreases and the thoracic cavity expands (orange arrows), while the lungs increase in volume;B, in exhalation, as air comes out of the lungs (light blue arrow) the pressure inside the pleural cavity (black arrowhead) increases, the thoracic cavity contracts (orange arrows), and the volume of the lungs reduces. Credit: image by Mariana Ruiz Villareal [LadyofHats], modified and taken from https://commons.wikimedia.org/, last consultation on 4 December 2023.

FIG. 1 in Aristotle on the anatomy of the heart and lungs (HA 1.17): new insights from a multidisciplinary approach

FIG. 1. — Dissection of the thoracic cavity of a dog positioned dorsally (on its back or upper side). The heart (H) can be seen located above the lungs (L) and slightly towards the right side. The lungs have collapsed to the sides of the thoracic cavity, which is limited laterally by the ribs and intercostal muscles (R-IcM). The heart is surrounded by the pericardium (Pc), partially cut to create a window, while the diaphragm (D) lies below. Credit: image by ATLOMY.

FIG. 2 in Aristotle on the anatomy of the heart and lungs (HA 1.17): new insights from a multidisciplinary approach

FIG. 2. — The position of the heart in mammalian animals: A, the human heart (white arrowhead) is positioned in the midline of the thoracic cavity, tilted to the left and surrounded by the lungs; B, the heart of a dog (white arrowhead) is also located in the thoracic cavity where it is surrounded by the lungs, as is the case in four-legged animals. Credits: images by A, Matis75; B, SciePro, taken and modified from https://www.shutterstock.com, last consultation on 4 December 2023.

FIG. 4. — A in Aristotle on the anatomy of the heart and lungs (HA 1.17): new insights from a multidisciplinary approach

FIG. 4. — A, Lateral view of the left lung of a dog. The organ is deep red in colour, as the animal has not been exsanguinated with the modern-day technique applied in slaughterhouses; B, lateral view of the lung of a pig in a slaughterhouse. The pale pink colour is a result of exsanguination, applied as part of the slaughterhouse method. Notice a lesion compatible with Enzootic Pneumonia in the middle lobe of the lung (white circle) and the heart behind it. Credits: A, image taken and modified from Singh 2018: 201; B, image taken and modified from Bonicelli et al. 2021.

Figure 2 in REVIEW Bounds of diversity: queer zoology in Europe from Aristotle to John Hunter

Figure 2. Following John Ray's discovery of hermaphroditism in slugs and snails, Jan Swammerdam produced the first known image of copulating snails as part of the frontispiece of his 1667 doctoral thesis, De respiratione. Wellcome Images.

Figure 4 in REVIEW Bounds of diversity: queer zoology in Europe from Aristotle to John Hunter

Figure 4. Colour plate from Jacob Christian Schäffer Der wunderbare und vieleicht in der Natur noch nie erschienene Eulenzwitter (1761) featuring Schäffer's hermaphrodite gypsy moth (Fig. IX in the image).

Figure 6 in REVIEW Bounds of diversity: queer zoology in Europe from Aristotle to John Hunter

Figure 6. Without reference to Hunter's paper, the English physician and ornithologist John Latham, a co-founder of the Linnean Society, referred to the exhibit of Lady Tynte's extraordinary peahen in the Leverian Museum in A general synopsis of birds (1783), complete with this colour plate of the bird. Following a description of the white peacock, he wrote: 'I cannot close this account without mentioning a circumstance which now and then occurs in the females of this species, viz. having the external marks of the plumage of the male: two instances of which have occurred to me; the one belonging to a friend of mine in this county; the other now to be seen in the Leverian Museum. This last beautiful bird belonged to Lady Tynte, and had bred for some years; but after ceasing to lay eggs, began to put out the male eyed feathers; and at the time of its death appeared like a young male' (Latham, 1783, Vol. 2, Part 2: 672).

Figure 1 in REVIEW Bounds of diversity: queer zoology in Europe from Aristotle to John Hunter

Figure 1. Remarkably, the drawing of a hermaphrodite rat, referred to by Johann Faber, still exists, rediscovered relatively recently in the collections of the Bibliothèque de l'Institut de France in Paris by art historian David Freedberg along with many other pictures of plants and animals produced by a scientific society known as the Academy of Linceans (or Lynxes) of which Theophilus Müller was a member (Freedberg, 2003: 243). Photo: RMN-Grand Palais (Institut de France)/René-Gabriel Ojeda.

Figure 5 in REVIEW Bounds of diversity: queer zoology in Europe from Aristotle to John Hunter

Figure 5. The first known image of a female deer endowed with antlers, beautifully formed, was published in Miscellanea curiosa in 1684. It was submitted by German physician and alchemist Joel Langelott who wrote that the animal ('an amazing example of nature's abundance') had been captured in the area of Husamen (? perhaps Husum) in August 1597 and preserved in the hall of the Duke of Husum. A poet ('a pretty bad one') had added some verses in German to the illustration that was made from the exhibit. Upon hearing that the image was to be submitted for publication, prolific German scholar and poet Daniel Georg Morhof, an acquaintance of Langelott, took pity on the situation of the beast ('which Mother Nature in her great kindness had adorned in such a remarkable fashion') and decided that it deserved to be commended to posterity by means of a 'charming and elegant' elegy in Latin titled 'The stag speaks', which was also reproduced in Miscellanea curiosa alongside the picture. It begins: 'I was a female stag: look at me, sirs! do not believe that I was a stag: For as a female I bore antlers that should be given to males. A male neck was joined to a female body. See how that neck swells with adopted branches! Look how both sexes are mingled in a new shape And now a new shape makes a new androgyne.' (Langelott, 1680; transl. Carolinne White). Image: Bodleian library, University of Oxford.

Figure 3 in REVIEW Bounds of diversity: queer zoology in Europe from Aristotle to John Hunter

Figure 3. Hermaphrodite lobster, dissected by Frank Nicholls. Philosophical Transactions (May 1730). Reproduced with permission of the Royal Society Library.

opencc-zeroFeb 2015View details →

From Aristotle to Ringelmann (dataset)

This data set contains the commit history of 58 Github projects used in the paper: From Aristotle to Ringelmann: A large-scale analysis of team productivity and coordination in open source software communities. Refer to the included README file for a detailed description.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2023View details →

FIG. 1 in Anatomies of Aristotle's Anatomai

FIG. 1. — Aristides, oil on canvas by Francesco Hayez, 1812. Venice, Accademia di Belle Arti.

opencc-byMay 2017View details →

Aristotle Tomb in Macedonia, Greece

The tomb of Aristotle in Stagira, Central Macedonia, Greece. Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist and also teacher of Alexander the Great. I created the model of the tomb and the landscape with Agisoft Photoscan trial using a drone video. Fixes of the geometry and texture maps were done in ZBrush. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab