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13 results for “Arthropleura”
Fig. 13 in The largest arthropod in Earth history: insights from newly discovered Arthropleura remains (Serpukhovian Stainmore Formation, Northumberland, England)
Fig. 13. Palaeogeographical range of Arthropleura body and trace fossils. (a) Known sites of evidence plotted on a palaeogeographical map of the late Carboniferous (c. 310 Ma; after Torsvik and Cocks 2016). Numbers refer to sites listed in Table 1. (b) Visean to Serpukhovian sites (latitudinal parallels shown for c. 320 Ma; from Torsvik and Cocks 2016). (c) Bashkirian to Moscovian sites (latitudinal parallels shown for c. 310 Ma; from Torsvik and Cocks 2016). (d) Kasimovian to Sakmarian sites (latitudinal parallels shown for c. 290 Ma; from Torsvik and Cocks 2016).
Fig. 12 in The largest arthropod in Earth history: insights from newly discovered Arthropleura remains (Serpukhovian Stainmore Formation, Northumberland, England)
Fig. 12. Trace fossil evidence for Arthropleura from the trackway Diplichnites cuithensis, preserved in strata, near contemporaneous in age to the Howick specimen, from adjacent basins in northern Britain (see Fig. 3 for localities). (a) Trackway from which the D. cuithensis holotype was cast (Briggs et al. 1979) in the Serpukhovian Limestone Coal Formation of Laggan, Isle of Arran, Scotland. Stick is 1 m long, inner and outer width of trackway highlighted. (b) D. cuithensis trackway of near-analogous width to the Howick body fossil, Visean Pittenweem Formation, Crail, Fife, Scotland. (c) D. cuithensis trackway>10 m long (arrowed) in the Visean Pittenweem Formation, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland (see Whyte 2018). Geologist is 1.8 m tall. (d, e) Photograph and interpreted sketch of context of D. cuithensis on a true substrate (Davies and Shillito 2018, 2021) recording the passage of two animals between emergent and subaqueous substrates. Convex bedform, colonized with plants, provided small island surrounded by shallow water puddles in a delta-top setting. Trackways are well-defined on emergent substrate and less so on subaqueous parts of substrate. Visean Anstruther Formation, 3.5 km NW of Kingsbarns, Fife, Scotland. Measuring stick 60 cm long.
Fig. 10 in The largest arthropod in Earth history: insights from newly discovered Arthropleura remains (Serpukhovian Stainmore Formation, Northumberland, England)
Fig. 10. Details of (a, b) slab Aand (c, d) slab Bwith interpreted sketches of margins showing offset of three-dimensional sand infill from carbonaceous smear. Same tergites on each slab are colour-coded (with reference to prominent tergite shown in white). Cuticular interior shown as full circles with correspondingly shaped carbonaceous smear shown as colour-coded partial circles, indicating consistent 40 cm squeezed offset of infill from cuticle in direction of red bidirectional arrow, associated with synsedimentary deformation. Scale bars 20 cm.
Fig. 9 in The largest arthropod in Earth history: insights from newly discovered Arthropleura remains (Serpukhovian Stainmore Formation, Northumberland, England)
Fig. 9. Three-dimensional morphology of cuticular sand infill preserved in slab A. (a, b) Images of slab A before and after extraction of fossil. Part (a) shows a natural break in sandstone revealing the underside of the dorsal cuticle, notable for carbonaceous material (cb) between the paratergites and the presence of a granular texture. Part (b) shows slab A after extraction, revealing the cast of the dorsal exoskeleton, still yielding carbonaceous material, but with no granular texture. Scale bars 20 cm. (c, d) Images of partial fragment of cuticular sand infill between the underside and upper side of the dorsal cuticle, as extracted from slab A. Part (c) shows the exoskeleton underside with a granular texture and both images show cross-section through lenticular imbricated tergites, possibly compressed by synsedimentary tectonics. Scale bar 1 cm. An, anterior; Po, posterior.
Fig. 7 in The largest arthropod in Earth history: insights from newly discovered Arthropleura remains (Serpukhovian Stainmore Formation, Northumberland, England)
Fig. 7. Schematic diagram showing taphonomic context and relationship between key attributes of the specimen.
Fig. 6 in The largest arthropod in Earth history: insights from newly discovered Arthropleura remains (Serpukhovian Stainmore Formation, Northumberland, England)
Fig. 6. Ichnological and palaeobotanical features associated with the Arthropleura fossil. (a) Trackway of an anthracosaur tetrapod (Baropezia) (individual footprints arrowed). Located at 4.6 m on stratigraphic log in Figure 3d. Scale bar 10 cm. (b) Detail of Baropezia footprint (Ba) adjacent to Stigmaria root (black arrow). For details of vertebrate tracks prior to recent erosional degradation, see Scarboro and Tucker (1995). Located at 4.6 m on stratigraphic log in Figure 3d. Scale bar 20 cm. (c) Thinly bedded wave-rippled facies immediately below fossil horizon showing horizontal invertebrate burrows Planolites (Pl) and Archaeonassa (Ar). Located at 10.6 m on stratigraphic log in Figure 3d. Scale bar 10 cm. (d) Tightly curved invertebrate burrow identified as Taenidium on basis of meniscate fill and absence of lining. Fallen block of same lithology adjacent to fossil-bearing block. Scale bar 10 cm. (e) Ripplelaminated sandstone beds colonized with coalified, downwards-branching plant rootlets. Located at 9.0 m on stratigraphic log in Figure 3d. Scale bar 20 cm. (f) Plant remains in same bed as Arthropleura fossil, including fragment of branch or bark belonging to Lepidodendron sensu lato (black arrow) and thin axis that acutely bifurcates distally, possibly the proximal part of a medullosalean pteridosperm frond (white arrow). Located at 10.0 m on stratigraphic log in Figure 3d. Scale bar 20 cm. (g) Seed fossils, possibly Samaropsis, as produced by cordaitaleans. Note seeds occur immediately adjacent to the Arthropleura remains in the part, seen at top left of image. Located at 10.2 m on stratigraphic log in Figure 3d. Scale bar 5 cm. (h) Stigmaria on stratigraphic top of fallen block hosting the Arthropleura remains. Preserved fraction of main rhizomorph axis extends between white arrows and shows ornamentation in boxed area. Adjacent part of bedding plane contains traces of rootlets (r) branching from the main rhizomorph. Located at 9.8 m on stratigraphic log in Figure 3d Scale bar 1 m.
Fig. 5 in The largest arthropod in Earth history: insights from newly discovered Arthropleura remains (Serpukhovian Stainmore Formation, Northumberland, England)
Fig. 5. Sedimentological characteristics of the Stainmore Formation at the southern end of Howick Bay, attesting to lower delta plain deposition. (a) Rotated view of fallen block hosting fossil at starred horizon, showing lithology of amalgamated trough cross-beds of fine sandstone, coarsening upwards from laminated very fine sandstone and siltstone. Located at c. 8–10 m on stratigraphic log in Figure 3d. Scale bar 20 cm. (b) Casts of syneresis cracks on underside of fallen block. Located at 8 m on stratigraphic log in Figure 3d. Scale bar 10 cm. (c) Detail of cross-bedded sets in which Arthropleura fossil was interred. Note clasts of coaly debris. Located at 9.5 m on stratigraphic log in Figure 3d. Ruler 20 cm. (d) Crudely developed rhythmites of probable tidal origin, colonized with Skolithos (Sk) and Teichnichnus (Te) burrows. Located at 6 m on stratigraphic log in Figure 3d. Scale bar 15 cm. (e) Inclined heterolithic stratification in form of lateral accretion set of small tidal channel; northwards direction of migration arrowed. Located at 1.5 m on stratigraphic log in Figure 3d. Scale bar 70 cm. (f) Incised channel filled with braided alluvium and cutting into underlying sequence at far southern end of Howick Bay. Approximate channel base highlighted. The channel truncates the sequence illustrated in Figure 3d. Scale bar 2 m.
Fig. 4 in The largest arthropod in Earth history: insights from newly discovered Arthropleura remains (Serpukhovian Stainmore Formation, Northumberland, England)
Fig. 4. Context of the specimen prior to extraction. (a) Slab A of the fossil (facing stratigraphically upwards). Note convex-down doming of the host sediment. Scale bar 20 cm. (b) Slab B of the fossil (facing stratigraphically downwards). (c) Fallen block in which the fossil was discovered in January 2018 (white circle), showing split in rock where fossil was exposed (white triangle). Black circle denotes position in cliff profile from where the block fell. Listric faults in hanging wall of Howick Fault are highlighted, showing hanging wall thickening of mudrock (HT), attesting to synsedimentary origin (red arrows indicate sense of fault movement). Scale bar 2 m. (d) View of the fallen block (white circle) and original position (black circle) in the context of the Howick Fault damage zone and master fault separating the Alston and Stainmore formations; HT is at same position as in part (c). Host bed is immediately adjacent to one of two synsedimentary (Mississippian) normal faults that were later reactivated as strike-slip faults during the latest Carboniferous to Permian emplacement of the Whin Sill dolerite intrusion (De Paola et al. 2005). This structural context attests to strain in the fossil-bearing sandstone bed prior to full lithification and may explain certain features of the fossil (see main text). Blue dashed line show approximate stratigraphic position of the Lickar Limestone, marking the onset of the late Serpukhovian (Cózar and Somerville 2021). Scale bar 5 m. Photograph in part (d) courtesy of Geospatial Research Limited.
Fig. 3 in The largest arthropod in Earth history: insights from newly discovered Arthropleura remains (Serpukhovian Stainmore Formation, Northumberland, England)
Fig. 3. Geological context of the site. (a) Locality within the Northumberland Basin. (b) Geological map of the fossil locality. (c) Regional stratigraphy. (d) Sedimentary log of the fossil site. LA sets, lateral accretion sets. (e) Structural profile along cliffs at the southern end of Howick Bay showing fossil site within damage zone of the Howick Fault (location of section denoted with British National Grid references).
Fig. 2 in The largest arthropod in Earth history: insights from newly discovered Arthropleura remains (Serpukhovian Stainmore Formation, Northumberland, England)
Fig. 2. Interpreted sketch of the fossil, as preserved in slab A, while still intact in fallen block of host sandstone prior to excavation. The overlap pattern of the paratergites on the left indicates that this is the ventral site of the dorsal exoskeleton. The typical ornamentation of the dorsal site of Arthropleura tergites and paratergites is therefore not visible.
Fig. 1 in The largest arthropod in Earth history: insights from newly discovered Arthropleura remains (Serpukhovian Stainmore Formation, Northumberland, England)
Fig. 1. Specimen of partial remains of a giant Arthropleura (anterior 12– 14 tergites) after excavation from the Serpukhovian Stainmore Formation, Howick Bay, Northumberland, England (CAMSM X.50355). Slab A and slab B are not true part and counterpart, but rather a split through the middle of a threedimensional dorsal exoskeleton (see Fig. 7 and discussion in text).
Fig. 11 in The largest arthropod in Earth history: insights from newly discovered Arthropleura remains (Serpukhovian Stainmore Formation, Northumberland, England)
Fig. 11. Reconstruction of the Howick Arthropleura. (a) Scale of the Howick Arthropleura relative to other articulated giant specimens (preserved remains highlighted pink) and the largest Diplichnites cuithensis trackways known from each Carboniferous-Permian stage. Note that the previously known partially complete body fossils were both markedly smaller than the dimensions of Arthropleura revealed by trace fossil evidence. For references and details of localities mentioned, see Table 1. (b) Reconstruction of the Howick Arthropleura within its habitat of a lower delta plain with open woodland.
Fig. 8 in The largest arthropod in Earth history: insights from newly discovered Arthropleura remains (Serpukhovian Stainmore Formation, Northumberland, England)
Fig. 8. Details of the Arthropleura specimen. (a) Alternation of granular (1) and smooth (2) texture on medial tergites. Granular texture interpreted to reflect degraded verrucose texture to anterior part of each tergite. View of underside of dorsal exoskeleton preserved on surface of slab A. Scale bar 1 cm, (b) Detail of right lateral paratergites seen on slab Bshowing striated patterning and frayed margins to the paratergites. Scale bar 1 cm. (c) Micaceous and carbonaceous smear on fragment of upper side of dorsal exoskeleton (slab A). Scale bar 1 cm. (d) Inflection of paratergites (1) relative to medial tergites (2) at anterior of specimen on the part. Head region seen at (3). Scale bar 1 cm. (e) Detail of invertebrate burrow (Planolites) seen in centre of slab Band likely exploiting remains shortly after interment. Scale bar 1 cm.
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