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117 results for “Artificial selection”
Community diversity determines the evolution of synthetic bacterial communities under artificial selection
<p>These data and script are related to the article entitled "Community diversity determines the evolution of synthetic bacterial communities under artificial selection". This study reports the results of an experiment that involved bacterial communities differing for their richness level (1, 2, 4, 8, 16 species) and subjected to artificial selection or not. The property under selection was the optical density (OD). All the data needed to reproduce the figures and tables presented in the manuscript are provided.</p>
Figure 4. Adding a Sensing Module and selecting its type-Designing a Growing Functional Modules "Artificial Brain"
<p>GFM controllers learn to satisfy some predefined goals<br> while interacting with the environment and thus should be considered as artificial brains. An<br> example of the design process of a simple controller is provided herein to explain the inherent<br> methodology, to exhibit the components' interconnections and to demonstrate the control process.</p>
Evaluation of Selected Artificial Aging Protocols for Dental Composites Including Fatigue and Fracture Tests
<p>This research was funded by the National Science Centre, Poland [grant number: UMO-2020/37/N/ST5/00191, 2021].</p> <p>Datasets was basis for publication entitled: </p> <p>Evaluation of Selected Artificial Aging Protocols for Dental Composites Including Fatigue and Fracture Tests, published at Applied Sciences in 2024. </p> <p>The publication is a summary of the second step of the project, that aims standardizing an artificial aging protocol for dental composites. Until now, there has been no effort to create a standard protocol for evaluating the clinical performance of dental composites in a practical and efficient manner. Dental materials are not required to undergo studies that verify their durability over their expected lifespan before they are released to the market. Implementing a standardized aging process is essential to enhance the dental resin composite's ability to withstand oral conditions. Research in this area has been supported by the Preludium grant from the National Science Center in Poland.</p> <p>Three materials were tested to compare the degradation of resin from that of the filler and resin–filler interface. The first material (Resin F) was unfilled resin. The second and third materials were composites based on a similar resin matrix to Resin F but with differentiated fillers content. On the basis of the obtained data (https://zenodo.org/records/6583563), three protocols were selected for the second part of the project (standardization of artificial aging protocol for dental composites). The influence of three selected aging protocol on the material properties of the samples was determined based on flexural strength (FS), diametral tensile strength (DTS), Vickers hardness (HV) and microstructure evaluation. Additionally, fracture toughness (FT) and flexural fatigue limit (FFL) were determined. The proposed complex aging protocols should simulate prolonged, possibly several to even a dozen or more years of material usage in the oral cavity, thereby furnishing valuable insights into its prospective clinical performance in vitro. </p> <p>Authors hope to determine an artificial aging method for evaluating the clinical performance of dental composites. Our publication is first attempt to determine standard aging protocol for dental composites.</p>
Evolutionary responses of energy metabolism, development, and reproduction to artificial selection for increasing heat tolerance in Drosophila subobscura
<p><span>Adaptation to warming conditions involves increased heat tolerance and metabolic changes to reduce maintenance costs and maximize biological functions close to fitness. Evidence shows that energy metabolism evolves in response to warming conditions, but we know little about how heat stress intensity determines the evolutionary responses of metabolism and life history traits. Here, we evaluated the evolutionary responses of energy metabolism and life-history traits to artificial selection for increasing heat tolerance in Drosophila subobscura, using two protocols to measure and select heat tolerance: slow and fast ramping protocols. We found that the increase in heat tolerance was associated with reduced activity of the enzymes involved in the glucose-6-phosphate branchpoint, but no changes in the metabolic rate in selected lines. We also found that the evolution of increased heat tolerance increased the early fecundity in selected lines and increased the egg-to-adult viability only in the slow-ramping selected lines. This work shows heat tolerance can evolve under different thermal scenarios but with different evolutionary outcomes on associated traits depending on the heat stress intensity. Therefore, spatial and temporal variability of thermal stress intensity should be taken into account to understand and predict the adaptive response to ongoing and future climatic conditions.</span></p>
Evolutionary responses of energy metabolism, development, and reproduction to artificial selection for increasing heat tolerance in Drosophila subobscura
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Data from: Cell size, photosynthesis and the package effect: an artificial selection approach
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Inbreeding depression in artificial selection lines of Ipomoea purpurea
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Floral signals evolve in a predictable way under artificial and pollinator selection in Brassica rapa
<p>You find here the R scripts and data necessary to reproduce the results published in "Floral signals evolve in a predictable way under artificial and pollinator selection in Brassica rapa" by Zu et al. 2020 BMC Evolutionary Biology.</p> <p>The whole analysis is in the script "G-analysis.R". The associated data is loaded from the ".Rdata" and ".txt" files associated. The scripts "randG...R" are required to generate bootstrap replicates of G-matrix estimates. This is best done on an HPC cluster. To avoid having to run those randomizations, we provide the summary data we have generated from randomizations to run the full analysis.</p> <p>In Zu et al., we used data from an artificial selection and a pollinator (bumblebee, hoverfly) evolution experiment with fast cycling <em>Brassica rapa </em>plants to predict evolutionary changes of 12 floral volatiles and 4 morphological floral traits in response to selection. Using the observed selection gradients and the genetic variance-covariance matrix (G-matrix) of the traits, we showed that the observed responses of most floral traits including volatiles were predicted in the right direction in both artificial- and bumblebee-selection experiment. Genetic covariance had a mix of constraining and facilitating effects on evolutionary responses. We further revealed that G-matrices also evolved in the selection processes.</p> <p>We are depositing here the raw phenotypic data used to estimate the G-matrices in the artificial selection experiment along with the R scripts used to run the analyses.</p> <p>The phenotypic data of the pollinator experimental evolution experiment have been published elsewehere (Gervasi & Schiestl, 2017, Nature Communications 8:14691; doi:10.1038/ncomms14691).</p>
Data from: Artificial selection on sexual aggression: correlated traits and possible trade‐offs
<p>Forced copulation is an extreme form of sexual aggression that can affect the evolution of sex-specific anatomy, morphology and behavior. To characterize mechanistic and evolutionary aspects of forced copulation, we artificially selected male fruit flies based on their ability to succeed in the naturally prevalent behavior of forced matings with newly eclosed (teneral) females. The low and high forced copulation lineages showed rapid divergence, with the high lineages ultimately showing twice the rates of forced copulation as the low lineages. While males from the high lineages spent more time aggressively pursuing and mounting teneral females, their behavior towards non-teneral and heterospecific females was similar to that of males from the low lineages. Males from the low and high lineages also showed similar levels of male-male aggression. This suggests little or no genetic correlations between sexual aggression and non-aggressive pursuit of females, and between male aggression towards females and males. Surprisingly however, males from the high lineages had twice as high mating success than males from the low lineages when allowed to compete for consensual mating with mature females. In further experiments, we found no evidence for trade-offs associated with high forced mating rates: males from the high lineages did not have lower longevity than males from the low lineages when housed with females, and four generations of relaxed selection did not lead to convergence in forced mating rates. Our data indicate complex interactions among forced copulation success and consensual mating behaviour, which we hope to clarify in future genomic work. </p>
Artificial size selection experiment reveals telomere length dynamics and fitness consequences in a wild passerine
<p>Telomere dynamics could underlie life-history trade-offs among growth, size, and longevity, but our ability to quantify such processes in natural, unmanipulated populations is limited. We investigated how 4 years of artificial selection for either larger or smaller tarsus length, a proxy for body size, affected early-life telomere length (TL) and several components of fitness in two insular populations of wild house sparrows over a study period of 11 years. The artificial selection was expected to shift the populations away from their optimal body size and increase the phenotypic variance in body size. Artificial selection for larger individuals caused TL to decrease, but there was little evidence that TL increased when selecting for smaller individuals. There was a negative correlation between nestling TL and tarsus length under both selection regimes. Males had longer telomeres than females and there was a negative effect of harsh weather on TL. We then investigated whether changes in TL might underpin fitness effects due to the deviation from the optimal body size. Mortality analyses indicated disruptive selection on TL because both short and long early-life telomeres tended to be associated with the lowest mortality rates. In addition, there was a tendency for a negative association between TL and annual reproductive success, but only in the population where body size was increased experimentally. Our results suggest that natural selection for optimal body size in the wild may be associated with changes in TL during growth, which is known to be linked to longevity in some bird species.</p>
Artificial selection for predatory behavior results in dietary niche differentiation in an omnivorous mammal
<p>The diet of an individual is a result of the availability of dietary items and the individual's foraging skills and preferences. Behavioral differences may thus influence diet variation, but the evolvability of diet choice through behavioral evolution has not been studied. We used experimental evolution combined with a field enclosure experiment to test whether behavioral selection leads to dietary divergence. We analysed the individual dietary niche via stable isotope ratios of nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C) in the hair of an omnivorous mammal, bank vole, from 4 lines selected for predatory behavior and 4 unselected control lines. Predatory voles had higher hair δ15N values than control voles, supporting our hypothesis that predatory voles would consume a higher trophic level diet (more animal vs. plant foods). This difference was significant in the early but not the late summer season. The δ13C values also indicated a seasonal change in the consumed plant matter and a difference in food sources among selection lines in the early summer. These results imply that environmental factors interact with evolved behavioral tendencies to determine dietary niche heterogeneity. Behavioral selection thus has potential to contribute to the evolution of diet choice and ultimately the species' ecological niche breadth.</p>
Artificial selection on cis-element of Abl contributes cocoon yield increase in domestic silkworm
<p><span>The silkworm (</span><em><span>Bombyx mori</span></em><span>) is an important silk-producing domestic insect.</span><span> The quality and yield of the silk produced by <em>B. mori </em>exceeds that of its ancestor, the wild silkworm <em>B. mandarina</em>. However, to date little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying domestication-related increases in silk yield. Here, we identified a gene associated with both domestication and silk-related quantitative trait locus (QTL): Abelson tyrosine protein kinase (<em>Abl</em>). </span><span>Population genomic data for <em>B. mori</em> and <em>B. mandarina</em> identified obvious signatures of artificial selection in the genomic region bearing the <em>Abl</em></span><span><em> </em>gene. T</span><span>here were two fixed nucleotide substitutions (−244 and −1311) in the </span><span>tran</span><span>scription factor binding motif of the upstream regulatory region of <em>B. mori Abl</em>.</span> <span>Compared to <em>Abl </em>in the wild silkworm <em>B. mandarina</em>, <em>B. mori Abl</em> exhibited significantly greater promoter activity and was upregulated in the silk gland from the last day of the 5<sup>th</sup> larval instar to pupal stage (P0). Compared to the wild type, CRISPR/Cas9-generated <em>Abl </em>loss-of-function mutants </span><span>exhibited a higher sensitivity to diseases, shorter developmental duration, and reductions in economically important silk traits, including cocoon weight, pupal weight, and cocoon layer thickness. Comparison of silk-gland transcriptomes between the wild type and the mutant indicated that genes enriched in ribosome biosynthesis, splicing, RNA transport, and the carbon metabolism were significantly downregulated in the mutants. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) confirmed that genes related to ribosome biosynthesis were pivotal, driving the significant differentiation in silk yield between <em>B. mori</em> and <em>B. mandarina</em>. Here, we demonstrated that artificial selection acts on the cis-elements of silk-trait QTL gene <em>Abl </em>in a novel case (the domestic silkworm), and that this selection pressure increased <em>Abl </em>promoter activity and expression level. By promoting protein translation and synthesis, artificial selection further enhanced the robustness of silkworm larvae and improved cocoon silk synthesis.</span></p>
Artificial selection in human-wildlife feeding interactions
<p>The artificial selection of traits in wildlife populations through hunting and fishing has been well documented. However, despite their rising popularity, the role that artificial selection may play in non-extractive wildlife activities, e.g., recreational feeding activities, remains unknown.</p> <p>If only a subset of a population takes advantage of human-wildlife feeding interactions, and if this results in different fitness advantages for these individuals, then artificial selection may be at work. We have tested this hypothesis using a wild fallow deer population living at the edge of a capital city as our model population.</p> <p>In contrast to previous assumptions on the randomness of human-wildlife feeding interactions, we found that a limited non-random portion of an entire population is continuously engaging with people. We found that the willingness to beg for food from humans exists on a continuum of inter-individual repeatable behaviour; which ranges from risk-taking individuals repeatedly seeking and obtaining food, to shyer individuals avoiding human contact and not receiving food at all, despite all individuals having received equal exposure to human presence from birth and coexisting in the same herds together. Bolder individuals obtain significantly more food directly from humans, resulting in early interception of food offerings and preventing other individuals from obtaining supplemental feeding.</p> <p>Those females that beg consistently also produce significantly heavier fawns (300-500g heavier), which may provide their offspring with a survival advantage. This indicates that these interactions result in disparity in diet and nutrition across the population, impacting associated physiology and reproduction, and may result in artificial selection of the begging behavioural trait.</p> <p>This is the first time that this consistent variation in behaviour and its potential link to artificial selection has been identified in a wildlife population and reveals new potential effects of human-wildlife feeding interactions in other species across both terrestrial and aquatic habitats. 22-Jun-2022 --</p>
Data from: Life history changes associated with over 400 generations of artificial selection on body size in Drosophila
<p>Body size is a trait that shapes many aspects of a species' development and evolution. Larger body size is often beneficial in animals, but it can also be associated with life history costs in natural systems. Similarly, miniaturization, the evolution of extremely small adult body size, is found in every major animal group, yet carries its own life history trade-offs. Given that these effects can depend on an animal's environment and life stage and have mainly been studied in species that are already specialized for their size, the life history changes associated with evolutionary shifts in body size warrant additional investigation. Here, we used <em>Drosophila melanogaster </em>populations that had undergone over 400 generations of artificial selection on body size to investigate the changes in life history traits associated with the evolution of extremely large and extremely small body sizes. Populations selected for small body size experienced strong trade-offs in multiple life history traits, including reduced female fecundity and lower juvenile viability. Although we found correlated changes in egg size associated with selection for both large and small body size, after adjusting for female body size, females from populations selected for large size had the lowest relative investment per egg and females from populations selected for small size had the highest relative investment per egg. Taken together, our results suggest that egg size may be a key constraint on the evolution of body size in <em>D. melanogaster,</em> providing insight into the broader phenomenon of body size evolution in insects.</p>
FIGURE 2 in Does Artificial Selection For Fixed Prey Preference Affect Learning In A Predatory Mite? Experiments To Unravel Mechanisms Underlying Polyphagy In Hypoaspis Aculeifer
FIGURE 2: Preference of T-line predators, expressed as percentages (horizontal bars) of individuals choosing prey T (0 to 100%) or prey R (0 to -100%) for four replicates and three starvation treatments: (a) – in presence of odour from prey R, (b) – in presence of odour from prey T or (c) – in absence of prey odour. Numbers shown left and right of the horizontal bars represent number of predators choosing prey R (left) or prey T (right) for each replicate experiment.
FIGURE 1 in Does Artificial Selection For Fixed Prey Preference Affect Learning In A Predatory Mite? Experiments To Unravel Mechanisms Underlying Polyphagy In Hypoaspis Aculeifer
FIGURE 1: Preference of R-line predators, expressed as percentages (horizontal bars) of individuals choosing prey T (0 to 100%) or prey R (0 to -100%) for four replicates and three starvation treatments: (a) – in presence of odour from prey R or (b) – prey T or (c) – in absence of prey odour. Numbers shown left and right of the horizontal bars represent number of predators choosing prey R (left) or prey T (right) for each replicate experiment.
Plasticity and artificial selection for developmental mode in a poecilogonous sea slug
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Data from: Life history changes associated with over 400 generations of artificial selection on body size in Drosophila
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Artificial selection for predatory behavior results in dietary niche differentiation in an omnivorous mammal
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Artificial selection in human-wildlife feeding interactions
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