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Fig. 5 in Three New Species of Dendrogaster (Crustacea: Ascothoracida) Infecting Goniasterid Sea-Stars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from Japan

Fig. 5. Dendrogaster tobasuii sp. nov., allotype male, total length ca. 6 mm, NSMT-Cr 26861, removed from the main branch of holotype female. A, right lateral view (arrowhead indicating point of breakage of isolated left posterior process); B, isolated left posterior process; C, main body, left lateral view (long setae of thoracic limbs and furca omitted); D, right antennule, medial view; E, left first thoracic limb (thoracopod 2), lateral view. Abbreviations: ab, abdominal segments; bs, basis; cg, claw guard; cl, terminal claw; cx, coxa; en, endopod; ex, exopod; fr, furcal rami; fs, fusion seam; I–IV, segment numbers; mx, second maxillae; sp, rudimentary proximal sensory process; th, thoracomeres.

Fig. 7 in Three New Species of Dendrogaster (Crustacea: Ascothoracida) Infecting Goniasterid Sea-Stars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from Japan

Fig. 7. Dendrogaster nagasakimaruae sp. nov., A–D, holotype female, mantle size 22.0 mm, NSMT-Cr 26878, removed from coelomic cavity of Nymphaster euryplax (R 60.0 mm, r 14.6 mm), East China Sea southeast of Danjo Islands, Nagasaki Prefecture (31°51.73′N, 128°29.13′E), 247–257 m depth. A, whole animal, dorsal view; B, linear scheme to indicate a pattern of mantle branching; C, left antennule, medial view; D, second maxillae, posterior view. E–F, allotype male, total length 4.5 mm, NSMT-Cr 26879, removed from the main branch of holotype female. E, whole animal, right lateral view; F, abdomen. Abbreviations: b1a, anterior primary branches; b2a, anterior secondary branches; b3a, anterior tertiary branches; b1p, posterior primary branches; b2p, posterior secondary branches; bl, basal lobe; cg, claw guard; cl, terminal claw; fr, furcal rami; fs, fusion seam; I–IV, segment numbers; mb, main branches; mp, middle piece; pp, posterior processes; sp, rudimentary proximal sensory process.

Fig. 4 in Three New Species of Dendrogaster (Crustacea: Ascothoracida) Infecting Goniasterid Sea-Stars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from Japan

Fig. 4. Dendrogaster tobasuii sp. nov., holotype female, mantle size 59.9 mm, NSMT-Cr 26860, removed from coelomic cavity of Mediaster arcuatus (unmeasured), Kumano-nada Sea off Owase, Mie Prefecture, Pacific coast of central Japan, about 300 m depth. A, whole animal, dorsal view; B, linear scheme to indicate a pattern of mantle branching; C, left antennule, medial view; D, fourth segment of right antennule, lateral view; E, second maxillae. Abbreviations: b1a, anterior primary branches; b2a, anterior secondary branches; b3a, anterior tertiary branches; b1p, posterior primary branches; cg, claw guard; cl, terminal claw; fs, fusion seam; I–IV, segment numbers; mb, main branches; mp, middle piece; sp, rudimentary proximal sensory process.

Fig. 3 in Three New Species of Dendrogaster (Crustacea: Ascothoracida) Infecting Goniasterid Sea-Stars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from Japan

Fig. 3. Dendrogaster komatsuae sp. nov., nauplius, carapace length 0.87 mm, from holotype female. A, whole animal, ventral view; B, left portion of body, ventral view. Abbreviations: a1, antennule; a2, antenna; md, mandible. Scale bar=0.3 mm.

Fig. 2 in Three New Species of Dendrogaster (Crustacea: Ascothoracida) Infecting Goniasterid Sea-Stars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from Japan

Fig. 2. Dendrogaster komatsuae sp. nov., holotype female, mantle size 46.3 mm, NSMT-Cr 26858, removed from coelomic cavity of Lithosoma japonica (R 50.0 mm, r 25.3 mm), TAMBL-EC10, Kumano-nada Sea off Owase, Mie Prefecture, Pacific coast of central Japan, about 300 m depth. A, whole animal, dorsal view; B, linear scheme to indicate a pattern of mantle branching; C, left anterior branches, unfurled; D, left antennule, medial view; E, third and fourth segments of right antennule (terminal claw missing), lateral view; F, second maxillae. Abbreviations: b1a, anterior primary branches; b2a, anterior secondary branches; bp, posterior branches; b1p, posterior primary branches; cg, claw guard; cl, terminal claw; eb, extra branch; fs, fusion seam; I–IV, segment numbers; mb, main branches; mp, middle piece; sp, rudimentary proximal sensory process; tb, terminal branch.

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

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Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)

Petrarca is an ascothoracidan endoparasite in scleratinian dendrophyllid corals. Petrarca can stimulate coral growth, forming a gall chamber to house itself inside the coral skeleton. The diversity, molecular phylogeny and feeding ecology of Petrarca are understudied. This is the first study of Petrarca to be based on light and scanning electron microscopy to document the fine-scale external and functional morphology of its trophi and other structures. A combined molecular and morphological approach revealed at least four closely related species of Petrarca, P. goanna, P. morula, Petrarca nozawai sp. nov. and Petrarca rubus sp. nov in Turbinaria and Astreopora corals in Asia. Carapace shape and fine morphology, ultrastructure of the antennular aesthetasc, morphological characteristics of the trophi and the shape and size of the penis rami are diagnostic characters. Several morphological characters, which are all probably synapomorphies, have been proposed to distinguish the genus Petrarca from other Ascothoracida. Mouthparts morphology of Petrarca are developed for cutting and chewing, rather than for piercing and sucking as in many other Ascothoracida. The external surface of the carapace of Petrarca is ornamented with densely packed secretory papillae used putatively for the chemical dissolution of the substrate necessary for the formation of the gall chamber.

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Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)

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FIGURE 8 in Gorgonolaureus bicornutus sp. nov (Crustacea: Thecostraca: Ascothoracida) from off South-East Taiwan with notes on morphology and distribution

FIGURE 8. Map of distribution of species of Gorgonolaureus and genera Thalassomembracis, Cardomanica and Isidascus: 1—G. bikiniensis, 2—G. muzikae, 3—G. decurvatus, 4—G. vietnamianus, 5—G. tricornutus, 6—G. helenae, 7—G. bicornutus, —Thalassomembracis, —Cardomanica, —Isidascus.

FIGURE 4 in Gorgonolaureus bicornutus sp. nov (Crustacea: Thecostraca: Ascothoracida) from off South-East Taiwan with notes on morphology and distribution

FIGURE 4. Gorgonolaureus bicornutus sp. nov., thoracopods (numbers on B–D correspond to thoracopodal setation in Table 1), furcal ramus, rudimentary penis, female, holotype. (A) Right thoracopod 1, front view. (B) Right thoracopod 2, front view. (C) Right thoracopod 3, rear view. (D) Right thoracopod 4, rear view. (E) Right thoracopod 5, rear view. (F) Right thoracopod 6, front view. (G) Left furcal ramus, outer side. (H) Distal end of right furcal ramus, inner side. (I) Rudimentary penis (dotted) on ventral side of first abdominal segment (ab1). Abbreviations: ab1—first abdominal segment, ba—basis, co—coxa, en— endopod, ex—exopod, sr—seminal receptacles in coxae. Scale bars in µm.

FIGURE 7 in Gorgonolaureus bicornutus sp. nov (Crustacea: Thecostraca: Ascothoracida) from off South-East Taiwan with notes on morphology and distribution

FIGURE 7. Gorgonolaureus bicornutus sp. nov., ultrastructure of furcal rami (SEM), female, paratype. (A) Distal ends of furcal rami with tuft of tick aesthetasc-like setae. (B) Posterior end of telson with proximal parts of furcal rami and rudimentary telsonic spine. (C) Furcal rami, external and internal sides. (D) Transverse rows of ctenoid scales on internal surface of furcal ramus. Abbreviations: fr—furcal rami, rts—rudimentary telsonic spine, te—telson. Scale bars in µm.

FIGURE 3 in Gorgonolaureus bicornutus sp. nov (Crustacea: Thecostraca: Ascothoracida) from off South-East Taiwan with notes on morphology and distribution

FIGURE 3. Gorgonolaureus bicornutus sp. nov., mouth parts, female, holotype. (A) Oral cone, front view. (B, C) Mandibles. (D)—Enlarged cutting edge of mandible. (E, F) Maxillules. (G) Maxillae. (H) Enlarged distal ends of maxillae. (I) Medial languette. Abbreviations: lb—labrum, md—mandible, mxI—maxillule, mxII—maxilla. Scale bars in Μm.

FIGURE 2 in Gorgonolaureus bicornutus sp. nov (Crustacea: Thecostraca: Ascothoracida) from off South-East Taiwan with notes on morphology and distribution

FIGURE 2. Gorgonolaureus bicornutus sp. nov., general appearance and antennules, female, holotype. (A) Carapace, lateral view. (B) Carapace, posterio-ventral view. (C) Carapace, anterio-ventral view. (D) Position of inner body proper inside carapace, lateral view (left valve of carapace removed, thoracic segments numbered in Roman). (E) Right antennule, lateral view (segments numbered). (F) Left antennule, distal segments 4–6, lateral view. Abbreviations: a1—antennule, ab— abdomen, ad—adductor muscle, ap—aperture of carapace, cg—claw guard, cl—claw, dh—dorsal horns, fr—furcal rami, oc— oral cone (oral pyramid), ps—proximal sensory process, thp1–6—thoracopods 1–6. Scale bars in µm.

FIGURE 1 in Gorgonolaureus bicornutus sp. nov (Crustacea: Thecostraca: Ascothoracida) from off South-East Taiwan with notes on morphology and distribution

FIGURE 1. Gorgonolaureus bicornutus sp. nov., general appearance, light microscopy, female, holotype. (A) Gorgonian cyst with parasite in situ, left side, lateral view (free margins of aperture 'ap' indicated with arrow). (B) Carapace on gorgonian rod, right side, lateral view (soft polyp tissue removed). (C) Carapace, posterio-ventral view. (D) Carapace, anterio-ventral view. Abbreviations: ap—aperture of carapace. Scale bars in µm.

FIGURE 6 in Gorgonolaureus bicornutus sp. nov (Crustacea: Thecostraca: Ascothoracida) from off South-East Taiwan with notes on morphology and distribution

FIGURE 6. Gorgonolaureus bicornutus sp. nov., ultrastructure of antennules and oral cone (SEM), female, paratype. (A) Sixth antennular segment, outer surface (arrowheads indicating ctenoid scales). (B) Claw and claw guard of sixth antennular segment, inner surface. (C) Proximal sensory process. (D) Labrum, forming oral cone, rear view (closed rear margins of labrum indicated by arrowheads). (E) Enlarged tip of labrum from 'D'. (F) Ctenoid scales on surface of labrum from 'D'. (G) Mouth parts. Abbreviations: cg—claw guard, cl—claw, md—mandible, mxI—maxillule, mxII—maxillae, ps—proximal sensory process. Scale bars in µm.

FIGURE 5 in Gorgonolaureus bicornutus sp. nov (Crustacea: Thecostraca: Ascothoracida) from off South-East Taiwan with notes on morphology and distribution

FIGURE 5. Gorgonolaureus bicornutus sp. nov., ultrastructure of carapace and body proper (SEM), female, paratype. (A) Inner body proper inside carapace, lateral view (left carapace valve removed). (B) Inner surface of posterio-ventral part of carapace and distal halves of furcal rami. (C) Enlarged part of mantle cuticle on inner surface of posterio-ventral part of carapace (tiny pores indicated by arrowheads). (D) Multifid teeth on external surface of carapace at posterio-ventral edge of aperture. (E) Posterior part of thorax (segments numbered in Roman) with abdomen (segments numbered in Arabic). (F) Lateral epaulet on sixth thoracic segment. (G) ventral surface of third abdominal segment. Abbreviations: ab—abdomen, ad— adductor muscle, ap—edge of aperture, dh—dorsal horns, ep—epaulet, fr—furcal rami, te—telson, thp1–6—thoracopods. Scale bars in µm.

opennotspecifiedFeb 2021View details →

Figure 2. Ascothoracida. A–D in The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms

Figure 2. Ascothoracida. A–D, larval diversity of selected Ascothoracida. A, an early, live Baccalaureus nauplius larva. B, an early, live Zibrowia nauplius larva. C, D, a Tessmann's larva or a-cypris (C), with hooked antennules (D). E–N, adult diversity of selected Ascothoracida. E–G, the coral Turbinaria, showing the galls formed by the ascothoracidan Petrarca. Insert in E shows the galls in cross-section, with red Petrarca inside the coral skeleton. F, Petrarca. G, magnified view of Petrarca. H, Synagoga arabesque, with extended, hooked first antennules. I, J, Ascothorax rybakovi on the brittle star Ophiacantha pacifica. K, a free Dengrogaster sp. L–N, the zoanthid Palythoa with Baccalaureus sp. inside. Abbreviation: a1, first antennule. Fig 2C photographed by ND and Dr. Jørgen Olesen, Natural History Museum of Denmark.

Figure 26 in Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)

Figure 26. COI gene tree by maximum likelihood (ML) and species delimitation of Petrarca. Bootstrap support for neighbour-joining (NJ) and ML and posterior probability for Bayesian inference (BI) are presented at the main nodes. Results of species delimitation were presented by vertical bars, and the numbers in the black boxes were as follows: 1–3, results of ASAP with three highest ASAP-score; 4, 5, results of PTP method with maximum likelihood and the highest Bayesian supported solution; 6, result of GMYC.

Figure 25 in Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)

Figure 25. Petrarca rubus sp. nov., paratype, thoracopods and penis, SEM. A, thoracopod 1. B, ctenoid scales on thoracopod 3. C, rudimentary abdomen, ventral side. D, distal end of penis. Abbreviations: pe, penis (base); rab, rudimentary abdomen; thp1, thoracopod 1. Scale bars in µm.

Figure 21 in Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)

Figure 21. Petrarca rubus sp. nov., holotype, thoracopods, penis and abdomen. A, rudimentary setiform thoracopod 1. B, left thoracopods 2–6 (numbered) with groups of seminal receptacles. C, rudimentary abdomen, segments numbered. D, distal part of penis. Scale bars in µm.

Figure 24 in Integrative taxonomy, larval biology and functional morphology of the little known gall-forming coral endoparasite Petrarca (Thecostraca: Ascothoracida)

Figure 24. Petrarca rubus sp. nov., paratype, mouthparts, SEM. A, labrum, lateroventral view. B, C, distal part and cutting edge of mandible respectively (tiny setae on cutting edge indicated by arrowheads). D, dense thin setae on proximal half of outer margin of mandible. E, maxillule. F, G, middle and lower parts of cutting edge of maxillule. H, basal 'pore-field' of maxillule. I, maxillules and maxillae. J, thickened and wrinkled cuticle on distal surface of maxilla. K, ctenoid scale on lateral surface of maxilla. Abbreviations: mx1, maxillules; mx2, maxillae. Scale bars in µm.