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Fig. 3 in Hybridization Between the Endangered Unisexual Gray-Checkered Whiptail Lizard (Aspidoscelis dixoni) and the Bisexual Western Whiptail Lizard (Aspidoscelis tigris) in Southwestern New Mexico

Fig. 3. Dorsolateral views of three whiptail lizards (Aspidoscelis). Upper, diploid unisexual A. dixoni C from Antelope Pass (AMNH R-148360, body length 96 mm). Middle, triploid female hybrid of A. dixoni C X A. tigris punctilinealis from Antelope Pass (AMNH R-148141, body length 93 mm). Lower, diploid bisexual A. t. punctilinealis male from Antelope Pass (AMNH R-148113, body length 90 mm).

FIGURE 9 in Laboratory Hybridization among North American Whiptail Lizards, Including Aspidoscelis inornata arizonae × A. tigris marmorata (Squamata: Teiidae), Ancestors of Unisexual Clones in Nature

FIGURE 9. Testis, adrenal gland, mesonephros, and vas deferens of A. t. marmorata, the father of the hybrids. A. Testis, adrenal gland, mesonephros, and vas deferens (AMNH R-153156, slide 8, row 1, section 2). B. Seminiferous tubule (AMNH R-153156, slide 8, row 1, section 2). C. Vas deferens containing mature spermatozoa (AMNH R-153156, slide 9, row 1, section 6). D. Vas deferens with mature spermatozoa (AMNH R-153156, slide 6, row 1, section 2, Mallory Triple, Pantin method). Scale bar: 0.1 mm except for A, 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 5 in Laboratory Hybridization among North American Whiptail Lizards, Including Aspidoscelis inornata arizonae × A. tigris marmorata (Squamata: Teiidae), Ancestors of Unisexual Clones in Nature

FIGURE 5. Pattern of morphological variation expressed by the distribution of scores on the first two principal components extracted from a correlation matrix of seven meristic characters of three laboratory hybrids, 18 specimens of A. i. arizonae (including the maternal parent of the hybrids), and 18 specimens of A. t. marmorata (including the paternal parent of the hybrids). All samples represent populations in the vicinities of those from which the parents of the hybrids were collected. Note that the three hybrids are intermediate to their individual parents on PC1.

FIGURE 12 in Laboratory Hybridization among North American Whiptail Lizards, Including Aspidoscelis inornata arizonae × A. tigris marmorata (Squamata: Teiidae), Ancestors of Unisexual Clones in Nature

FIGURE 12. The large tissue sample from the adult-sized, apparently female (but intersex) laboratory hybrid (AMNH R-153158). A. An entire section (AMNH R-153158A, slide 1, section 3; scale bar: 1 mm). Rectangles identify enlarged views in B–E. B. Adrenal gland (AMNH R-153158A, slide 1, section 3). C and D. Adrenal gland and transition to adjacent ovary (AMNH R-153158A, slide 1, section 3). E. Ovary (AMNH R-153158A, slide 1, section 3). Scale bars for B–E: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Laboratory Hybridization among North American Whiptail Lizards, Including Aspidoscelis inornata arizonae × A. tigris marmorata (Squamata: Teiidae), Ancestors of Unisexual Clones in Nature

FIGURE 1. Karyotype of laboratory hybrid of A. i. arizonae (♀) × A. t. marmorata (♂), AMNH R-153158, adult-sized intersex individual that superficially resembled a female. Upper row represents the haploid complement of A. t. marmorata (with 3 large Set I metacentric and submetacentric macrochromosomes including the X + 8 biarmed Set II macrochromosomes + 12 Set III microchromosomes). Lower row represents the haploid complement of A. i. arizonae (with 1 Set I macrochromosome including its characteristic NOR and satellite [arrow] + 12 subtelocentric Set II macrochromosomes + 10 Set III microchromosomes). Line represents 10 microns.

FIGURE 6 in Laboratory Hybridization among North American Whiptail Lizards, Including Aspidoscelis inornata arizonae × A. tigris marmorata (Squamata: Teiidae), Ancestors of Unisexual Clones in Nature

FIGURE 6. Pattern of morphological variation expressed by the distribution of scores on the first two principal components extracted from a correlation matrix of seven meristic characters of three hybrids, 18 specimens of A. i. arizonae (including the maternal parent of the hybrids), 18 specimens of A. t. marmorata (including the paternal parent of the hybrids), and 11 specimens of the unisexual A. neomexicana. All samples represent populations in the vicinities of those from which the parents of the hybrids were collected. Note that the three hybrids are intermediate to their individual parents and that A. neomexicana most closely resembles its maternal progenitor species, A. t. marmorata on PC1.

FIGURE 11 in Laboratory Hybridization among North American Whiptail Lizards, Including Aspidoscelis inornata arizonae × A. tigris marmorata (Squamata: Teiidae), Ancestors of Unisexual Clones in Nature

FIGURE 11. The small tissue sample from the adult-sized, apparently female (but intersex) laboratory hybrid (AMNH R-153158). A. Mesonephros and adrenal gland (AMNH R-153158B, slide 6, row 2, section 1). B. Adrenal gland (AMNH R-153158B, slide 3, row 1, section 10). C. Mesonephros and adrenal gland (AMNH R-153158B, slide 5, row 1, section 6). D. Mesonephros and adrenal gland (AMNH R-153158B, slide 6, row 2, section 1). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 8 in Laboratory Hybridization among North American Whiptail Lizards, Including Aspidoscelis inornata arizonae × A. tigris marmorata (Squamata: Teiidae), Ancestors of Unisexual Clones in Nature

FIGURE 8. Gross morphology of the adult-sized, apparently female (but intersex) laboratory hybrid (AMNH R-153158) of A. i. arizonae × A. t. marmorata. A. Ventral view of the viscera through the opened body wall; the organs have not been disturbed. The arrows indicate a boundary between the left adrenal gland and the left ovary. B. The left kidney and dorsal body wall visible with the adrenal/ovary mass displaced to the right. C. Adrenal/ovary mass displaced to the left. D. Remaining viscera after removal of the adrenal/ovary mass and a suspected testis. Scale bars: 5 mm. Abbreviations in figures 8–17 are explained in Materials and Methods.

FIGURE 13 in Laboratory Hybridization among North American Whiptail Lizards, Including Aspidoscelis inornata arizonae × A. tigris marmorata (Squamata: Teiidae), Ancestors of Unisexual Clones in Nature

FIGURE 13. The large tissue sample from the adult-sized, apparently female (but intersex) laboratory hybrid (AMNH R-153158). A. An entire section (AMNH R-153158A, slide 23, section 1; scale bar: 1 mm). Rectangles identify enlarged views in B–I. B–C. Adrenal gland (AMNH R-153158A, slide 23, section 1). D–E. Adrenal gland and ovary (AMNH R-153158A, slide 23, section 1). F–I. Ovary (AMNH R-153158A, slide 23, section 1). H. An enlargement from slide 23, section 2 showing an atretic follicle in the ovary. I. An enlargement from slide 23, section 2, showing yolk granules. Scale bars for B–I: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 7 in Laboratory Hybridization among North American Whiptail Lizards, Including Aspidoscelis inornata arizonae × A. tigris marmorata (Squamata: Teiidae), Ancestors of Unisexual Clones in Nature

FIGURE 7. Pattern of morphological distinctiveness expressed by the distribution of canonical variate scores derived from a canonical variate analysis of seven meristic characters of three a priori groups: 18 specimens of A. i. arizonae (including the maternal parent of the laboratory hybrids), 18 specimens of A. t. marmorata (including the paternal parent of the hybrids), and 11 specimens of A. neomexicana. All samples represent populations in the vicinities of those from which the parents of the hybrids were collected. The three laboratory hybrids were included in the CVA as unassigned, for classification to the a priori group that each most closely resembled. Note the position of the hybrid group intermediate to A. i. arizonae, A. t. marmorata, and A. neomexicana clusters. This suggested that the hybrid group itself is distinctive, which was verified by a followup CVA (not illustrated, but see text).

Fig. 11 in Hybridization Between the Endangered Unisexual Gray-Checkered Whiptail Lizard (Aspidoscelis dixoni) and the Bisexual Western Whiptail Lizard (Aspidoscelis tigris) in Southwestern New Mexico

Fig. 11. Topographic map of Antelope Pass, Hidalgo County New Mexico showing the 23 trap sites listed in table 6. Each site can be identified by its coordinates and symbol (table 6). Triangles indicate sites where A. dixoni C was found, but not A. t. punctilinealis; squares indicate sites where A. t. punctilinealis was found, but not A. dixoni C; and dots indicate sites where both species were found. This was mapped with TOPO! (2003, National Geographic; www.nationalgeographic.com/topo).

Fig. 7 in Hybridization Between the Endangered Unisexual Gray-Checkered Whiptail Lizard (Aspidoscelis dixoni) and the Bisexual Western Whiptail Lizard (Aspidoscelis tigris) in Southwestern New Mexico

Fig. 7. Pattern of morphological variation expressed by the distribution of scores on the first two principal components extracted from a correlation matrix of seven meristic characters of 30 specimens of Aspidoscelis from Antelope Pass, Hidalgo County, New Mexico. The specimens include representatives of two species (A. dixoni C and A. t. punctilinealis) and hybrids between them. Note that the three hybrids cluster most closely to their maternal parent.

Fig. 5 in Hybridization Between the Endangered Unisexual Gray-Checkered Whiptail Lizard (Aspidoscelis dixoni) and the Bisexual Western Whiptail Lizard (Aspidoscelis tigris) in Southwestern New Mexico

Fig. 5. Karyotypes of two whiptail lizards (Aspidoscelis) from Antelope Pass, Peloncillo Mountains, Hidalgo County, New Mexico. A, Diploid unisexual A. dixoni C (AMNH R-148360, fig. 3), with 2n 5 46 chromosomes. This taxon is a clone with its ultimate ancestor having been an F1 hybrid between A. tigris marmorata (haploid complement of chromosomes in the upper two rows) X A. gularis septemvittata (haploid complement in the lower two rows of A). Note that the X chromosome that was ultimately inherited from marmorata (third largest, upper row) was apparently fissioned at the centromere (arrow) forming two additional set II-sized macrochromosomes (here arranged to suggest the ancestral unfissioned state in marmorata). Note also that the missing microchromosome of A. dixoni C is illustrated as missing from the marmorata genome (o at the right end of the second row), although we do not know from which genome it was actually lost. B, Triploid hybrid female of A. dixoni C X A. t. punctilinealis (AMNH R-148141, fig. 3), with 3n 5 69 chromosomes arranged in six rows. Rows 2 and 4 represent the haploid complement most recently inherited from A. t. punctilinealis, including its intact X chromosome (third largest). Rows 1, 3, 5, and 6 represent the two haploid complements inherited from A. dixoni C, including the fissioned X (arrow) chromosome and missing microchromosome (o), as in A, above. Bar represents 10 Mm.

Fig. 6 in Hybridization Between the Endangered Unisexual Gray-Checkered Whiptail Lizard (Aspidoscelis dixoni) and the Bisexual Western Whiptail Lizard (Aspidoscelis tigris) in Southwestern New Mexico

Fig. 6. Electrophoretic phenotypes representing products of four gene loci of Aspidoscelis. A, IDDH, a tetrameric enzyme, from liver homogenates of seven lizards. Note that the b-allele from PUN is very faint but present in the hybrid. B, PEPA, a dimeric enzyme, from muscle homogenates of seven lizards. Note that New Mexican dixoni differ from Texan dixoni and that the hybrid is triallelic. C, sMDH, a dimeric enzyme, from muscle homogenates of seven lizards. Note that New Mexican dixoni differ from Texan dixoni and the hybrid shows two doses of the a-allele. D, MPI, a monomeric enzyme, from muscle homogenates of eight lizards. Note that New Mexican dixoni differ from Texan dixoni. Letters below gels identify allozymes based on alleles present (table 2). Lanes for individual lizards are labeled beside the gel (with genotype) as follows: DIXA, A. dixoni A; DIXB, A. dixoni B; DIXC, A. dixoni C; DIXC X PUN, hybrid of A. dixoni C X A. t. punctilinealis; MAR, A. t. marmorata; SCA, A. g. scalaris, which at these loci are often the same as A. g. septemvittata; TESC, A. tesselata C-E; TESD, A. tesselata D; TESE-C, A. tesselata E-C; PUN, A. t. punctilinealis. Anode is to the right, and arrow in A indicates position of sample application.

Fig. 1 in Hybridization Between the Endangered Unisexual Gray-Checkered Whiptail Lizard (Aspidoscelis dixoni) and the Bisexual Western Whiptail Lizard (Aspidoscelis tigris) in Southwestern New Mexico

Fig. 1. The global distributional range of Aspidoscelis dixoni. This species occurs in two areas that are separated by approximately 500 km from which no specimens are known. The two areas are Antelope Pass, Peloncillo Mountains, Hidalgo County, New Mexico, and Chinati Mountains, Presidio County, Texas. Initialisms are as follows: AZ, Arizona; MX, Mexico; NM, New Mexico; and TX, Texas. Modified from Topo USA 2.0, DeLorme, Yarmouth, Maine (1999).

Fig. 4 in Hybridization Between the Endangered Unisexual Gray-Checkered Whiptail Lizard (Aspidoscelis dixoni) and the Bisexual Western Whiptail Lizard (Aspidoscelis tigris) in Southwestern New Mexico

Fig. 4. Ventral views (black-and-white) of two of the same lizards shown in figure 3. Upper, hybrid (AMNH R-148141); lower, A. t. punctilinealis (AMNH R-148113). In A. dixoni C (no photograph of ventral view) there is no black on the abdomen or throat, although there may be a few small black dots on the chest.

Fig. 2 in Hybridization Between the Endangered Unisexual Gray-Checkered Whiptail Lizard (Aspidoscelis dixoni) and the Bisexual Western Whiptail Lizard (Aspidoscelis tigris) in Southwestern New Mexico

Fig. 2. Cherry array with drift fence and pitfall traps, where one of the hybrids was found, Antelope Pass, Peloncillo Mountains, Hidalgo County, New Mexico. Photo by C.J.C., June 8, 1990.

Fig. 8 in Hybridization Between the Endangered Unisexual Gray-Checkered Whiptail Lizard (Aspidoscelis dixoni) and the Bisexual Western Whiptail Lizard (Aspidoscelis tigris) in Southwestern New Mexico

Fig. 8. Pattern of morphological distinctiveness expressed by the distribution of canonical variate scores derived from a canonical variate analysis of five meristic characters of 30 specimens of Aspidoscelis from Antelope Pass, Hidalgo County, New Mexico. The specimens include representatives of two species (A. dixoni C and A. t. punctilinealis) and hybrids between them. Note that the three hybrids cluster most closely to their maternal parent.

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FIGURE 15 in Laboratory Hybridization among North American Whiptail Lizards, Including Aspidoscelis inornata arizonae × A. tigris marmorata (Squamata: Teiidae), Ancestors of Unisexual Clones in Nature

FIGURE 15. The oviduct (part) and ovary of laboratory hybrid AMNH

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FIGURE 14 in Laboratory Hybridization among North American Whiptail Lizards, Including Aspidoscelis inornata arizonae × A. tigris marmorata (Squamata: Teiidae), Ancestors of Unisexual Clones in Nature

FIGURE 14. Volume of the adrenal gland compared to the snout-vent length (SVL)