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Figure 2 in Exasperating taxonomy of the colourful ant-mimic Myrmarachne exasperans (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida: Myrmarachinae)

Figure 2. Males representing six different species of Myrmarachne. 1, M. plataleoides (O. Pickard-Cambridge 1869) from Makunda Christian Hospital, Karimganj District, Assam (5 MAR 2014). This well-known species, with swollen distal chelicerae and a distinct constriction of the pedicel, is widely distributed in tropical south and southeast Asia. 2, M. smaragdina Cecarellli 2010, recently described from northern Queensland. This species is very similar to M. plataleoides, but the distal chelicerae are not as swollen. Before it was named, M. smaragdina was the subject of several published behavioural studies (Ceccarelli 2008, 2009). 3, M. maxillosa (C. L. Koch 1846) from Lombok (15 JUL 2014). 4, M. cornuta Badcock 1918 from Kuala Selangor, Selangor, Malaysia (3 FEB 2015). 5, Myrmarachne sp. from Fraser's Hill, Pahang, Malaysia (6 APR 2015). This species, with iridescent and colourful chelicerae, resembles M. exasperans, even to details of leg colouration. 6, Myrmarachne sp. from Fraser's Hill, Pahang, Malaysia (10 JUN 2010). See Hill (2010) for more photographs of Myrmarachne species. Original photographs by Vijay Anand Ismavel (1), Robert Whyte (2), Jürgen Otto (3), Shamsul Hidayat Omar (4), Nicky Bay (5), and Farhan Bokhari (6), used with permission.

Figure 27 in Notes on the jumping spider Myrmarachne exasperans (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida: Myrmarachnini) in Bali, a possible mimic of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cryptini: Goryphus)

Figure 27. Adult female Myrmarachne cf. exasperans, specimen SWK12-3132, collection WPM#12-095, from Sarawak, Malaysia, Headquarters Area, tree foliage, Mulu National Park (4.042°N, 114.814°E). 6, Note series of six long spines on the tibia and two long spines on the metatarsus of this preserved female, as seen in M. exasperans. 7, Ventral view of epigynum. Scale patterns and locality suggest that this is Emertonius koomeni Prószyński 2018. Photographs © W. Maddison 2015, used under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) 3.0 license.

Figure 26 in Notes on the jumping spider Myrmarachne exasperans (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida: Myrmarachnini) in Bali, a possible mimic of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cryptini: Goryphus)

Figure 26. Distribution of Myrmarachne exasperans in Indonesia. 1, Adult male photographed 23 June 2017 in Puncak, West Java, by Janus Olajuan Boediman. Photograph used with permission. 2, Reported distribution of M. exasperans in Java and Bali (white circles). This background relief map is in the public domain (CC0), courtesy of maps-for-free (https://maps-forfree.com).

Figure 24. Consecutive frames from a in Notes on the jumping spider Myrmarachne exasperans (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida: Myrmarachnini) in Bali, a possible mimic of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cryptini: Goryphus)

Figure 24. Consecutive frames from a video (29.80 fps) of a male M. exasperans displaying to a nearby male of the same species. In 0.30s 2.5 cycles of back and forth movement of legs I (~8° amplitude, ~8.3 cycles/s) was observed.

Figure 25. Consecutive frames from a in Notes on the jumping spider Myrmarachne exasperans (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida: Myrmarachnini) in Bali, a possible mimic of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cryptini: Goryphus)

Figure 25. Consecutive frames from a video (29.81 fps) of a male M. exasperans displaying to a nearby male of the same species. In 0.30s 3.0 cycles of back and forth movement of legs I (~8° amplitude, ~10.0 cycles/s) was observed.

Figure 21. Sequential frames from a in Notes on the jumping spider Myrmarachne exasperans (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida: Myrmarachnini) in Bali, a possible mimic of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cryptini: Goryphus)

Figure 21. Sequential frames from a video (29.57 fps) of a moving ichneumonid wasp (female Goryphus cf. basilaris). Up and down movement of the wings relative to each preceding frame is indicated with arrows. A chart of this movement, peaking at ~15 cycles/s and averaging 10.1 cycles/s with interruptions, is shown in Figure 18:6.

Figure 22. Sequential but not consecutive frames from a in Notes on the jumping spider Myrmarachne exasperans (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida: Myrmarachnini) in Bali, a possible mimic of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cryptini: Goryphus)

Figure 22. Sequential but not consecutive frames from a video (29.71 fps) of a moving ichneumonid wasp (female Goryphus cf. basilaris). Up and down movement of the wings relative to each preceding frame is indicated with arrows. This movement peaked at ~15 cycles/s (frames [4] to [8] and frames [21] to [25]).

Figure 16 in Notes on the jumping spider Myrmarachne exasperans (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida: Myrmarachnini) in Bali, a possible mimic of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cryptini: Goryphus)

Figure 16. Small ant nest covered with collected debris (Bali). 2-3, Two close-up views of the nest shown in (1).

Figure 19. Sequential frames from a in Notes on the jumping spider Myrmarachne exasperans (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida: Myrmarachnini) in Bali, a possible mimic of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cryptini: Goryphus)

Figure 19. Sequential frames from a video (29.63 fps) of a moving adult male Myrmarachne exasperans. Up and down (bobbing) movement of the opisthosoma relative to each preceding frame is indicated with arrows. Between frames [8] and [12] the opisthosoma was bobbed at ~15 cycles/s. With interruptions the average was ~11 cycles/s for this entire sequence.

Figure 20. Sequential frames from a in Notes on the jumping spider Myrmarachne exasperans (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida: Myrmarachnini) in Bali, a possible mimic of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cryptini: Goryphus)

Figure 20. Sequential frames from a video (29.79 fps) of a moving adult female Myrmarachne exasperans. Up and down (bobbing) movement of the opisthosoma relative to each preceding frame is indicated with arrows. Maximum recorded rates of movement were ~15 cycles/s (e.g., between frames [1] and [4]), with 10 cycles completed in this 0.97s sequence for an average, including interruptions, of 10.3 cycles/s.

Figure 11 in Notes on the jumping spider Myrmarachne exasperans (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida: Myrmarachnini) in Bali, a possible mimic of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cryptini: Goryphus)

Figure 11. Plants occupied by Myrmarachne and the wasps that they may mimic in a Cepaka garden. Nests were found on the underside of broad leaves. 1, Ficus. 3, Bird's Nest Fern (Asplenium nitens). 4, Many wasps (Goryphus) were found hunting on these poolside bromeliads.

Figure 14. Sequential frames from a 29.57fps video showing a female M in Notes on the jumping spider Myrmarachne exasperans (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida: Myrmarachnini) in Bali, a possible mimic of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cryptini: Goryphus)

Figure 14. Sequential frames from a 29.57fps video showing a female M. exasperans entering her nest at one end (frame 131) and emerging from the other end (frame 401). Arrows (191, 321, 421) indicate position of female in nest.

Figure 2 in Notes on the jumping spider Myrmarachne exasperans (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida: Myrmarachnini) in Bali, a possible mimic of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cryptini: Goryphus)

Figure 2. Living adult male Myrmarachne exasperans. Length is ~5-6 mm, not including the chelicerae.

Figure 6 in Notes on the jumping spider Myrmarachne exasperans (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida: Myrmarachnini) in Bali, a possible mimic of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cryptini: Goryphus)

Figure 6. Living adult female Myrmarachne exasperans. Length is ~5-6 mm, not including the chelicerae.

Figure 28 in Notes on the jumping spider Myrmarachne exasperans (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida: Myrmarachnini) in Bali, a possible mimic of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cryptini: Goryphus)

Figure 28. Adult female Myrmarachne cf. exasperans, specimen SWK12-3132, collection WPM#12-095, from Sarawak, Malaysia, Headquarters Area, tree foliage, Mulu National Park (4.042°N, 114.814°E). 6, Note series of six long spines on the tibia and two long spines on the metatarsus of this preserved female, as seen in M. exasperans. 7, Ventral view of epigynum. Scale patterns and locality suggest that this is Emertonius koomeni Prószyński 2018. Photographs © W. Maddison 2015, used under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) 3.0 license.

Figure 10 in Notes on the jumping spider Myrmarachne exasperans (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida: Myrmarachnini) in Bali, a possible mimic of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cryptini: Goryphus)

Figure 10. Early immature Myrmarachne exasperans. These small spiders (several mm in length) lack the distinctive features of the adults and are decidedly not ant-like. Later immatures (Figure 12) resemble adult females but are not as brightly colored.

Figure 23. Sequential but not consecutive frames from a in Notes on the jumping spider Myrmarachne exasperans (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida: Myrmarachnini) in Bali, a possible mimic of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cryptini: Goryphus)

Figure 23. Sequential but not consecutive frames from a video (29.71 fps) of a moving ichneumonid wasp (female Goryphus cf. basilaris). Up and down movement of the wings relative to each preceding frame is indicated with arrows. This movement peaked at ~15 cycles/s (frames [4] to [8] and frames [21] to [25]).

Figure 24 in Notes on the jumping spider Myrmarachne exasperans (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida: Myrmarachnini) in Bali, a possible mimic of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cryptini: Goryphus)

Figure 24. Faces of some vespid wasps. 1, Polistes exclamans colony. Two workers turned to face the photographer. 2, Distinctive yellow face of a male P. fuscatus. 3, Different facial patterns of mating male and female potter wasp (Parancistrocerus sp.). All were from Greenville County, South Carolina.

Figure 20. Sequential frames from a in Notes on the jumping spider Myrmarachne exasperans (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida: Myrmarachnini) in Bali, a possible mimic of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cryptini: Goryphus)

Figure 20. Sequential frames from a video (29.63 fps) of a moving adult male Myrmarachne exasperans. Up and down (bobbing) movement of the opisthosoma relative to each preceding frame is indicated with arrows. Between frames [8] and [12] the opisthosoma was bobbed at ~15 cycles/s. With interruptions the average was ~11 cycles/s for this entire sequence.

Figure 18 in Notes on the jumping spider Myrmarachne exasperans (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida: Myrmarachnini) in Bali, a possible mimic of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cryptini: Goryphus)

Figure 18. Ichneumonid wasp (female Goryphus cf. basilaris Holmgren 1868) that frequents the leaves occupied by M. exasperans in Bali. 5, Grooming with rear legs raised above the wings. Note the presence of bold white transverse bands on the abdomen, and a bright white segment on each antenna. 7-9, Detailed views of right wing (7), abdomen and ovipositor (8), and top of head (9).