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FIGURE 6 in Revision of the fungus-growing ant genera Mycetophylax Emery and Paramycetophylax Kusnezov rev. stat., and description of Kalathomyrmex n. gen. (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Attini)

FIGURE 6. SEM images: a, b) Mycetophylax. conformis, gyne and male from Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, Maricá, Barra da Maricá, mesosoma in dorsal view; c, d) M. morschi, gyne and male from Brasil, Santa Catarina: Florianópolis, Praia da Joaquina, mesosoma in dorsal view, e, f) M. simplex, gyne and male from Brasil, Santa Catarina: Florianópolis, Praia da Joaquina, mesosoma in dorsal view; g) M. morschi, worker from Brasil, Santa Catarina: Florianópolis, Praia da Joaquina, head in frontal view, note single seta coming out of each pore; h) Kalathomyrmex emeryi, worker from Brasil: Amazonas: Manaus, Praia de Tupé (Rio Negro), anterior portion of head; i) K. emeryi, male from Brasil, Piaui: Canto do Buriti, saw-like mandibular teeth.

FIGURE 5 in Revision of the fungus-growing ant genera Mycetophylax Emery and Paramycetophylax Kusnezov rev. stat., and description of Kalathomyrmex n. gen. (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Attini)

FIGURE 5. AutoMontage© images of Paramycetophylax bruchi from Argentina: Tucumán, El Bañado, Valle Santa Maria: a, b, g) worker in lateral, dorsal and frontal view; c, d, h) gyne in lateral, dorsal and frontal view; e, f, i) male in lateral, dorsal and frontal view.

FIGURE 3 in Revision of the fungus-growing ant genera Mycetophylax Emery and Paramycetophylax Kusnezov rev. stat., and description of Kalathomyrmex n. gen. (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Attini)

FIGURE 3. AutoMontage© images of Mycetophylax simplex from BrasɨI˒ sanɭa ⊂aɭarɨna﹕ ΓIοrɨanόpοIɨs˒ Praɨa đa Iοaquɨna: a, b, g) worker in lateral, dorsal and frontal view; c, d, h) gyne in lateral, dorsal and frontal view; e, f, i) male in lateral, dorsal and frontal view.

FIGURE 1 in Revision of the fungus-growing ant genera Mycetophylax Emery and Paramycetophylax Kusnezov rev. stat., and description of Kalathomyrmex n. gen. (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Attini)

FIGURE 1. AutoMontage© images of Mycetophylax conformis from Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, Cabo Frio, Praia das Dunas: a, b, g) worker in lateral, dorsal and frontal view; c, d, h) gyne in lateral, dorsal and frontal view; e, f, i) male in lateral, dorsal and frontal view.

FIGURE 4 in Revision of the fungus-growing ant genera Mycetophylax Emery and Paramycetophylax Kusnezov rev. stat., and description of Kalathomyrmex n. gen. (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Attini)

FIGURE 4. AutoMontage© images of Kalathomyrmex emeryi: a, b, g) worker from Peru, Huánuco ("Panguana"), Rio Yuyapidris in lateral, dorsal and frontal view; c, d, h) gyne from Argentina, Chaco Province, Chaco National Park in lateral, dorsal and frontal view; e, f, i) male (same locality as gyne) in lateral, dorsal and frontal view.

FIGURE 7 in Revision of the fungus-growing ant genera Mycetophylax Emery and Paramycetophylax Kusnezov rev. stat., and description of Kalathomyrmex n. gen. (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Attini)

FIGURE 7. Distribution maps of the species a) Mycetophylax, with a detailed map of the distribution of M. morschi and M. simplex at the isle of Florianopolis b) Kalathomyrmex and c) Paramycetophylax.

FIGURE 2 in Revision of the fungus-growing ant genera Mycetophylax Emery and Paramycetophylax Kusnezov rev. stat., and description of Kalathomyrmex n. gen. (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Attini)

FIGURE 2. AutoMontage© images of Mycetophylax morschi from Brasil, Santa Catarina: Florianópolis, Pântano do Sul: a, b, g) worker in lateral, dorsal and frontal view; c, d, h) gyne in lateral, dorsal and frontal view; e, f, i) male in lateral, dorsal and frontal view.

FIGURE 2. a in A note on Szelenyiopria pampeana (Loiácono) n. comb., parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) attacking the fungus growing ant, Acromyrmex lobicornis Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini) in La Pampa, Argentina

FIGURE 2. a. Szelenyiopria pampeana female, mesosoma, detail of specialized setae with truncate apices. b. Formicid sexual larvae, detail of tegument with ancoriformes setae.

FIGURE 1. Ant larvae. a–b in A note on Szelenyiopria pampeana (Loiácono) n. comb., parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) attacking the fungus growing ant, Acromyrmex lobicornis Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Attini) in La Pampa, Argentina

FIGURE 1. Ant larvae. a–b. showing immature states of diapriines, c. with adult diapriid emerging, d. after diapriid emergence. e. Szelenyiopria adult female (upper) and ant worker (lower).

FIGURES 27–32 in Morphology of the eggs and larvae of Cyphomyrmex transversus Emery (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Attini) and a note on the relationship with its symbiotic fungus

FIGURES 27–32. Larval morphology of Cyphomyrmex transversus. 27: Schematic representation in lateral view of a fifth larval morph, focusing on larval segmentation and spiracles' disposition. 28: detail of an abdominal spiracle of a first-instar larva, full-face view. 29–32: fifth larval morph. 29: Detail of the left metathoracic spiracle, full-face view. 30: detail of the protuberance of the first abdominal segment, ventral view. 31: caudal region, lateral view: anal slit. 32: ventral part of the body, lateral view. Abbreviations as follows: A, abdomen (abdominal segments); ao, anal orifice (fig. 31); CC, cephalic capsule (fig. 27); cr, caudal region (fig. 27); mts, mesothoracic spiracle (fig. 28); so, spiracle orifice; sp, abdominal spiracles (fig. 27); T, thorax (thoracic segments) (fig. 27). Vap, ventro-median protuberance (fig. 32).

FIGURES 22–26 in Morphology of the eggs and larvae of Cyphomyrmex transversus Emery (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Attini) and a note on the relationship with its symbiotic fungus

FIGURES 22–26. Fifth larval morph of Cyphomyrmex transversus. 22: detail of the maxillary palp, lateral view. 23: idem, full-face view. 24: detail of the left sub-antennal setae. 25: right mandible, antero-dorsal view. 26: right antennae, antero dorsal view. Abbreviations as follows: asmp, accessories sensillae of maxillar palp (fig. 23); dda, discoidal depression of the antenna (fig. 26); gl, genal lobe (fig. 24); mp, maxillar palp (figs. 22–23); ms, maxillary setae (figs. 22–23); sas, sub-antennal setae (fig. 24); se1-se3, sensilla (fig. 26); spi, spine (fig. 25).

FIGURES 17–21 in Morphology of the eggs and larvae of Cyphomyrmex transversus Emery (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Attini) and a note on the relationship with its symbiotic fungus

FIGURES 17–21. Fifth larval morph of Cyphomyrmex transversus. 17: head in ventral view. 18: head in full-face view, detail of the clypeo-mandibular region. 19: detail of the left mandible, external view. 20: detail of the labrum in dorsal view. 21: head and anterior region of the body, ventral view, detail of the pilosity. Abbreviations as follows: apm, apical margin (fig. 18); apt, apical tooth (fig. 18); arm, articulatory margin (figs. 18–19); bm, basal margin (fig. 18); co, condyle (figs. 18–19); em, external margin (fig. 18); ga, galea (fig. 17); gl, genal lobe (fig. 17); la, labium (figs. 17–18); lab, labrum (figs. 17–18); lp, labial palp (fig. 17); M, mandible (figs. 17–18); ma, maxillar articulation (fig. 17); max, maxilla (fig. 17); mp, maxillar palp (fig. 17); ms, maxillary setae (fig. 17); s, seta (fig. 17); se, sensilla (fig. 17); sp, spiracle (fig. 17); tr, trachea (fig. 17).

FIGURES 9–14 in Morphology of the eggs and larvae of Cyphomyrmex transversus Emery (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Attini) and a note on the relationship with its symbiotic fungus

FIGURES 9–14. Larval morphology of Cyphomyrmex transversus. 9: first morph (1st larval instar), habitus in lateral view. 10–11: second larval morph, habitus in lateral view. 12: third larval morph, head in full-face view. 13: fifth larval morph, head in full-face view. 14: third larval morph, head in ventral view. Abbreviations as follows: at, antenna (figs. 12–13); CC, cephalic capsule (figs. 12–13); cl, clypeus (figs. 12–13); fr, front (figs. 12–13); lab, labrum (figs. 12–13); gl, genal lobe (fig. 12); M, mandible (figs. 12–13); msp, mesothoracic spiracle (fig. 10); mtp, metathoracic spiracle (fig. 10); om, occipital margin (fig. 12); sas, sub-antennal setae (figs. 12–13); tf, tegumentary fold (fig. 9).

FIGURES 15–16 in Morphology of the eggs and larvae of Cyphomyrmex transversus Emery (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Attini) and a note on the relationship with its symbiotic fungus

FIGURES 15–16. Fifth larval morph of Cyphomyrmex transversus. 15: habitus in lateral view. 16: habitus in ventral view.

Fig. 9 in The Last Piece of the Puzzle? Phylogenetic Position and Natural History of the Monotypic Fungus-Farming Ant Genus Paramycetophylax (Formicidae: Attini)

Fig. 9. Phylogeny of fungal cultivars and free-living fungi based on Bayesian analysis of the ITS 'fungal barcoding′ region conducted in MrBayes (Ronquist et al. 2012). Ant-cultivated fungi are divided into two clades, Clade 2 (red branches) and Clade 1 (blue branches); free-living fungi are represented by black branches. The cultivar of Paramycetophylax bruchi is represented with a blue font and a red star. Nodes with posterior probability of 1 are represented by a blue circle, whereas nodes with posterior probabilities between 0.90 and 0.99 are represented by an orange circle. Nodes without circles indicate posterior probabilities lower than 0.90. Green box indicates the clade of fungi cultivated by the yeast-growing ants in the genus Cyphomyrmex and the blue box indicates the clade of fungi cultivated by the leaf-cutting ants and Apterostigma megacephala.

Fig. 8 in The Last Piece of the Puzzle? Phylogenetic Position and Natural History of the Monotypic Fungus-Farming Ant Genus Paramycetophylax (Formicidae: Attini)

Fig. 8. Time-calibrated phylogeny of the tribe Attini inferred from an MCMCTREE analysis (Yang and Rannala 1997). Red star indicates the origin of fungusfarming ants. Blue dots indicate fossil calibrations (see text). Colored boxes indicate the five agricultural systems: (i) lower agriculture (yellow); (ii) coral-fungus (Pterulaceae) agriculture (red); (iii) yeast agriculture (green); (iv) higher agriculture (blue); and (v) leaf-cutter agriculture (orange).Taxa in red correspond to anthead images on right:Cyphomyrmex costatus (top),Paramycetophylax bruchi (middle), and C. rimosus (bottom). Light blue bars indicate 95% highest probability density (HPD). K-Pg Event = Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary; EECO = Early Eocence Climatic Optimum;TEE = Terminal Eocene Event; MMCO = Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum.

Fig. 6 in The Last Piece of the Puzzle? Phylogenetic Position and Natural History of the Monotypic Fungus-Farming Ant Genus Paramycetophylax (Formicidae: Attini)

Fig. 6. Fungus gardens. (A) Subterranean garden chamber at Reserva Biósfera Ñacuñan (RBÑ), Mendoza, Argentina; (B) fungus garden and ants in field nest boxes at Parque Nacional Sierra de las Quijadas, San Luis, Argentina; (C–D) fungus garden and ants in field nest boxes at RBÑ.

Fig. 7 in The Last Piece of the Puzzle? Phylogenetic Position and Natural History of the Monotypic Fungus-Farming Ant Genus Paramycetophylax (Formicidae: Attini)

Fig. 7. Phylogeny of the Myrmicinae based on a SWSC-EN partitioned maximum-likelihood analysis in IQTREE (Chernomor et al. 2016, Minh et al. 2020). Support values on branches indicate the SH-like approximation likelihood-ratio test (alrt) and ultrafast bootstrap (UFBoots) proportions, respectively. Red branches indicate the position of Paramycetophylax bruchi. Inset: Automontage image of the head of a P. bruchi worker.

Fig. 5 in The Last Piece of the Puzzle? Phylogenetic Position and Natural History of the Monotypic Fungus-Farming Ant Genus Paramycetophylax (Formicidae: Attini)

Fig. 5. Illustration of Paramycetophylax bruchi nests at (A) Parque Nacional Sierra de las Quijadas, San Luis, Argentina; and (B) Reserva Biósfera Ñacuñan, Mendoza, Argentina.