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9 results for “Australidelphia”
Data from: The osteology and systematics of the enigmatic Australian Oligo-Miocene metatherian Yalkaparidon (Yalkaparidontidae; Yalkaparidontia; Australidelphia; Marsupialia)
We provide the first detailed description of the osteology of the enigmatic Oligo-Miocene Australian metatherian Yalkaparidon. This taxon exhibits a number of unusual craniodental apomorphies but appears to be plesiomorphic within Metatheria in retaining four molars, rather than three as previously reported. We demonstrate that the only known skull of Yalkaparidon almost certainly represents a single individual. We also tentatively refer a number of isolated tarsals to the genus. Maximum parsimony analyses of a 258 character morphological matrix (with information from the tarsals described here either included or excluded) place Yalkaparidon within the superordinal clade Australidelphia, but Bayesian analyses of the same matrix are less well resolved, placing Yalkaparidon within Marsupialia but without unequivocally supporting australidelphian affinities. Bayesian analyses of a total evidence matrix that combines the morphological data with 9 kb of sequence data from five nuclear protein-coding genes (APOB, BRCA1, IRBP, RAG1 and VWF), 78 indels, and 53 retroposon insertion characters are similarly poorly resolved and do not clarify the supraordinal relationships of Yalkaparidon beyond suggesting that it is probably a member of Marsupialia. However, if the tarsal remains are correctly attributed to Yalkaparidon, then membership of Australidelphia seems likely, as these specimens exhibit characteristic australidelphian apomorphies. We conclude that the ordinal status of Yalkaparidon remains justified based on current evidence, and we present a revised diagnosis for Yalkaparidontia. We maintain the two currently recognized species, Y. coheni and Y. jonesi, but present revised specific diagnoses. We suggest a revised phylogenetic definition for Marsupialia, and provide phylogenetic definitions for Eomarsupialia (the clade comprising all extant Australian marsupial orders) and for the clade comprising Dasyuromorphia, Peramelemorphia, and Notoryctemorphia to the exclusion of Diprotodontia; we propose the name Agreodontia for the latter clade.
Figure 1 in Evidence of early evolution of Australidelphia (Metatheria, Mammalia) in South America: phylogenetic relationships of the metatherians from the Late Palaeocene of Itaboraí (Brazil) based on teeth and petrosal bones
Figure 1. Right petrosal of MNRJ 6734-V (Type VI) in ventral (A), dorsal (B), and lateral (C) views. Abbreviations: al, anterior lamina; av, aqueductus vestibuli; cc, crus commune; cp, crista parotica; cr, crista petrosa; ctpp, caudal tympanic process of petrosal; er, epitympanic recess; fai, foramen acousticum inferius; fas, foramen acousticum superius; fc, fenestra cochleae; fi, fossa incudis; fn, facial nerve; fs, facial sulcus; fsa, fossa subarcuata; fss, foramen for the sigmoid sinus; fv, fenestra vestibuli; gg, location of the subjacent geniculate ganglion; gpn, greater petrosal nerve; hF, hiatus Fallopii; iam, internal auditory meatus; ica, internal carotid artery; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; lapc, lateral aperture of the prootic canal; lhv, lateral head vein; lw, lateral wall of epitympanic recess (tuberculum tympani); me, mastoid exposure; mp, mastoid tympanic process; pcv, prootic canal vein; pfc, prefacial commissure; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; psc, posterior semicircular canal; psv?, probable prootic sinus vein; rtpp, rostral tympanic process of petrosal; sff, secondary facial foramen; sica, sulcus for the internal carotid artery; sips, sulcus for the inferior petrosal sinus; smn, stylomastoid notch; spev, sphenoparietal emissary vein; sps, sulcus for the prootic sinus; spsv?, sulcus for a probable vein connected to the prootic sinus; ss, sigmoid sinus; sss, sulcus for the sigmoid sinus; th, tympanohyal; tt, tuberculum tympani; ttf, tensor tympani fossa; ts, transverse sinus; tyc, tympanic crest; vf, vascular foramen; uf, unknown foramen; us, unknown sulcus; V3?, probable medial border of the foramen ovale for the V3 nerve.
Figure 7 in Evidence of early evolution of Australidelphia (Metatheria, Mammalia) in South America: phylogenetic relationships of the metatherians from the Late Palaeocene of Itaboraí (Brazil) based on teeth and petrosal bones
Figure 7. Timing of the earliest evolution of metatherians according to the hypotheses highlighted in the most parsimonious trees (Fig. 4). Data sources: minimal age of Sinodelphys (Swisher et al., 1999), age for the North American metatherians (Clemens, 1966), dating of the Mongolian taxon Deltatheridium (Dashzeveg et al., 2005), dating of the South American metatherians (de Muizon, 1994; Flynn & Swisher, 1995; Marshall et al., 1997); molecular estimate of divergence of marsupial ordinal clades (Nilsson et al., 2004; Beck, 2008; Meredith et al., 2008). Thick and grey strokes represent fossil species. Geological stages: Ab, Albian; Bm, Barremian; C, Coniacian; Ca, Campanian; Ce, Cenomanian; Eo, Eocene; H, Hauterivian; Ma, Maastrichtian; Pa, Palaeocene; S, Santonian; T, Turonian; V, Valanginian.
Figure 6 in Evidence of early evolution of Australidelphia (Metatheria, Mammalia) in South America: phylogenetic relationships of the metatherians from the Late Palaeocene of Itaboraí (Brazil) based on teeth and petrosal bones
Figure 6. Comparisons of the morphometric and phylogenetic assessments as regards the possible assignment of petrosal types to dental-based taxa from Itaboraí. Scale bars = 2 mm.
Figure 5 in Evidence of early evolution of Australidelphia (Metatheria, Mammalia) in South America: phylogenetic relationships of the metatherians from the Late Palaeocene of Itaboraí (Brazil) based on teeth and petrosal bones
Figure 5. Molar area vs. promontorium area for extant and fossil metatherians with associated petrosal and teeth remains. A, M2 area vs. promontorium area; B, m2 area vs. promontorium area; C, M3 area vs. promontorium area; D, m3 area vs. promontorium area. Open square, Didelphis marsupialis, closed square; Didelphis aurita; grey square, Didelphis albiventris; open circle, Marmosa murina; closed circle, Philander opossum; grey circle, Metachirus nudicaudatus; cross, Caluromys philander; closed lozenge; Caenolestes fuliginosus; grey lozenge, Phacogale tapoatafa; open triangle, Pucadelphys andinus; closed triangle, Andinodelphys cochabambensis; grey triangle, Mayulestes ferox; line, Deltatheridium pretrituberculare. M2–3, second and third upper molars; m2–3, second and third lower molars.
Figure 3 in Evidence of early evolution of Australidelphia (Metatheria, Mammalia) in South America: phylogenetic relationships of the metatherians from the Late Palaeocene of Itaboraí (Brazil) based on teeth and petrosal bones
Figure 3. Right petrosal of MNRJ 6735-V (Type VIII) in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views, with a reconstruction of the inner ear (A2). Abbreviations: aa, anterior ampulla; al, anterior lamina; asc, anterior semicircular canal; av, aqueductus vestibuli; cc, crus commune; cocd, cochlear duct; cp, crista parotica; cr, crista petrosa; ctpp, caudal tympanic process of petrosal; er, epitympanic recess; fai, foramen acousticum inferius; fas, foramen acousticum superius; fc, fenestra cochleae; fi, fossa incudis; fn, facial nerve; fs, facial sulcus; fsa, fossa subarcuata; fv, fenestra vestibuli; gg, location of the subjacent geniculate ganglion; gpn, greater petrosal nerve; hF, hiatus Fallopii; iam, internal auditory meatus; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; la, lateral ampulla; lapc, lateral aperture of the prootic canal; lhv, lateral head vein; lsc, lateral semicircular canal; lw, lateral wall of epitympanic recess (tuberculum tympani); pa, posterior ampulla; pcv, prootic canal vein; pfc, prefacial commissure; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; psc, posterior semicircular canal; sff, secondary facial foramen; sips, sulcus for the inferior petrosal sinus; smn, stylomastoid notch; spev, sphenoparietal emissary vein; sps, sulcus for the prootic sinus; tt, tuberculum tympani.
Figure 2 in Evidence of early evolution of Australidelphia (Metatheria, Mammalia) in South America: phylogenetic relationships of the metatherians from the Late Palaeocene of Itaboraí (Brazil) based on teeth and petrosal bones
Figure 2. Right petrosal of MNRJ 6737-V (Type VII) in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views. Abbreviations: aa, anterior ampulla; ac, aqueductus cochleae; al, anterior lamina; cp, crista parotica; cr, crista petrosa; ctpp, caudal tympanic process of petrosal; er, epitympanic recess; fai, foramen acousticum inferius; fas, foramen acousticum superius; fc, fenestra cochleae; fi, fossa incudis; fn, facial nerve; fs, facial sulcus; fsa, fossa subarcuata; fv, fenestra vestibuli; gg, location of the subjacent geniculate ganglion; gpn, greater petrosal nerve; hF, hiatus Fallopii; iam, internal auditory meatus; ica, internal carotid artery; ips, inferior petrosal sinus; la, lateral ampulla; lapc, lateral aperture of the prootic canal; lhv, lateral head vein; lw, lateral wall of epitympanic recess (tuberculum tympani); me, mastoid exposure; mp, mastoid tympanic process; pcv, prootic canal vein; pfc, prefacial commissure; pr, promontorium; ps, prootic sinus; rtpp, rostral tympanic process of petrosal; sff, secondary facial foramen; sica, sulcus for the internal carotid artery; sips, sulcus for the inferior petrosal sinus; smn, stylomastoid notch; spev, sphenoparietal emissary vein; sps, sulcus for the prootic sinus; th, tympanohyal; vf, vascular foramen; V3?, probable medial border of the foramen ovale for the V3 nerve.
Data from: The osteology and systematics of the enigmatic Australian Oligo-Miocene metatherian Yalkaparidon (Yalkaparidontidae; Yalkaparidontia; Australidelphia; Marsupialia)
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Figure 4 in Evidence of early evolution of Australidelphia (Metatheria, Mammalia) in South America: phylogenetic relationships of the metatherians from the Late Palaeocene of Itaboraí (Brazil) based on teeth and petrosal bones
Figure 4. Strict consensus tree (A) [length (L) = 621, consistency index (CI) = 0.340, retention index (RI) = 0.514] and majority rule consensus tree (B) of the 9680 parsimonious trees (L = 563, CI = 0.343, RI = 0.562) resulting from the first analysis.
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