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18 results for “Autotomy”
Data S1. Laboratory behavioral data from: Measuring the fitness advantage conferred by autotomy in the wild
<p>Data S1. Laboratory behavioral data. The composition is summarized in figure S1.</p> <p>Autotomy, the self-amputation of body parts, serves as an anti-predator defense in many taxonomic groups of animals. However, its adaptive value has seldom been quantified. Here, we propose a novel modeling approach for measuring the fitness advantage conferred by the capability for autotomy in the wild. Using a predator-prey system where a land snail autotomizes and regenerates its foot specifically in response to snake bites, we conducted a laboratory behavioral experiment and a 3-year multi-event capture–mark–recapture (CMR) study. Combining these empirical data, we developed a hierarchical model and estimated the basic life history parameters of the snail. Using samples from the posterior distribution, we constructed the snail's life table as well as that of a snail variant incapable of foot autotomy. As a result of our analyses, we estimated the monthly encounter rate with snake predators at 3.3% (95% CI: 1.6–4.9%), the contribution of snake predation to total mortality until maturity at 43.3% (15.0–95.3%), and the fitness advantage conferred by foot autotomy at 6.5% (2.7–11.5%). This study demonstrated the utility of the multi-method hierarchical modeling approach for the quantitative understanding of the ecological and evolutionary processes of anti-predator defenses in the wild.</p>
Data S2. CMR data from: Measuring the fitness advantage conferred by autotomy in the wild
<p>Data S2. CMR data. The composition is summarized in tables S2, S3, and S10.</p> <p>Autotomy, the self-amputation of body parts, serves as an anti-predator defense in many taxonomic groups of animals. However, its adaptive value has seldom been quantified. Here, we propose a novel modeling approach for measuring the fitness advantage conferred by the capability for autotomy in the wild. Using a predator-prey system where a land snail autotomizes and regenerates its foot specifically in response to snake bites, we conducted a laboratory behavioral experiment and a 3-year multi-event capture–mark–recapture (CMR) study. Combining these empirical data, we developed a hierarchical model and estimated the basic life history parameters of the snail. Using samples from the posterior distribution, we constructed the snail's life table as well as that of a snail variant incapable of foot autotomy. As a result of our analyses, we estimated the monthly encounter rate with snake predators at 3.3% (95% CI: 1.6–4.9%), the contribution of snake predation to total mortality until maturity at 43.3% (15.0–95.3%), and the fitness advantage conferred by foot autotomy at 6.5% (2.7–11.5%). This study demonstrated the utility of the multi-method hierarchical modeling approach for the quantitative understanding of the ecological and evolutionary processes of anti-predator defenses in the wild.</p>
The evolution of autotomy in leaf-footed bugs
<p>Sacrificing body parts is one of many behaviors that animals use to escape predation. This trait, termed autotomy, is classically associated with lizards. However, several other taxa also autotomize, and this trait has independently evolved multiple times throughout Animalia. Despite having multiple origins and being an iconic anti-predatory trait, much remains unknown about the evolution of autotomy. Here, we combine morphological, behavioral, and genomic data to investigate the evolution of autotomy within leaf-footed bugs and allies (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coreidae + Alydidae). We found that the ancestor of leaf-footed bugs autotomized and did so slowly; rapid autotomy (< 2 min) then arose multiple times. The ancestor likely used slow autotomy to reduce the cost of injury or to escape non-predatory entrapment but could not use autotomy to escape predation. This result suggests that autotomy to escape predation is a co-opted benefit (i.e., exaptation), revealing one way that sacrificing a limb to escape predation may arise. In addition to identifying the origins of rapid autotomy, we also show that across species variation in the rates of autotomy can be explained by body size, distance from the equator, and enlargement of the autotomizable appendage.</p>
Data for: Juvenile leg autotomy predicts adult male morph in a New Zealand harvestman with weapon polymorphism
<p><span>Intraspecific weapon polymorphisms that arise via conditional thresholds may be affected by juvenile experiences such as predator encounters, yet this idea has rarely been tested. The New Zealand harvestman <em>Forsteropsalis</em> <em>pureora</em> has three male morphs: majors (alphas and betas) are large-bodied with large chelicerae used in male-male contests, while minors (gammas) are small-bodied with small chelicerae and scramble to find mates. Individuals use leg autotomy to escape predators and there is no regeneration of the missing leg. Here, we tested whether juvenile experience affects adult morph using leg autotomy scars as a proxy of predator encounters. Juvenile </span><span>males that lost at least one leg (with either locomotory or sensory function) had a 45 times higher probability of becoming a minor morph at adulthood than intact juvenile males. </span><span>Leg loss during development may affect foraging, locomotion, and/or physiology, potentially linking a juvenile's predator encounters to their final adult morph and future reproductive tactic.</span></p>
Impacts of caudal autotomy on personality
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Data S1. Laboratory behavioral data from: Measuring the fitness advantage conferred by autotomy in the wild
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The evolution of autotomy in leaf-footed bugs
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Data for: Juvenile leg autotomy predicts adult male morph in a New Zealand harvestman with weapon polymorphism
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Data S2. CMR data from: Measuring the fitness advantage conferred by autotomy in the wild
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Ancestral state reconstruction for regeneration and autotomy in arthopods and reptiles
<p>Some form of regeneration occurs in all lifeforms and extends from single-cell organisms to humans. The degree to which regenerative ability is distributed across different taxa, however, is harder to ascertain given the potential for phylogenetic constraint or inertia, and adaptive processes to shape this pattern. Here, we examine the phylogenetic history of regeneration in two groups where the trait has been well-studied: arthropods and reptiles. Because autotomy is often present alongside regeneration in these groups, we performed ancestral state reconstructions for both traits to more precisely assess the timing of their origins and the degree to which these traits coevolve. Using an ancestral trait reconstruction, we find that autotomy and regeneration were present at the base of the arthropod and reptile trees. We also find that when autotomy is lost it does not re-evolve easily. Lastly, we find that the distribution of regeneration is intimately connected to autotomy with the association being stronger in reptiles than in arthropods. While these patterns suggest that decoupling autotomy and regeneration at a broad phylogenetic scale may be difficult, the available data provides useful insight into their entanglement. Ultimately, our reconstructions provide important groundwork to explore how selection may have played a role during the loss of regeneration in specific lineages.</p>
Figure 3 in Defensive behaviour and tail autotomy in Coleodactylus meridionalis (Squamata: Sphaerodactylidae)
Figure 3. Relationship between body size (SVL) and tail state (1 = intact tail; 0 = autotomised tail) of males and females of Coleodactylus meridionalis. The line is the relationship among variables as predicted by a Generalised Linear Model.
Figure 2 in Defensive behaviour and tail autotomy in Coleodactylus meridionalis (Squamata: Sphaerodactylidae)
Figure 2. Series of defence behaviours of Coleodactylus meridionalis, in which individuals jump (arrows) and project their body laterally in an alternated way and in opposed direction to the stimulus (hands).
Figure 1 in Defensive behaviour and tail autotomy in Coleodactylus meridionalis (Squamata: Sphaerodactylidae)
Figure 1. Frequency of behaviours displayed by Coleodactylus meridionalis in an Atlantic Rain Forest fragment, Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil (n = 253).
Ancestral state reconstruction for regeneration and autotomy in arthopods and reptiles
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Data from: Trait compensation between boldness and the propensity for tail autotomy under different food availabilities in similarly-aged brown anole lizards
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Tail autotomy works as a pre-capture defense by deflecting attacks
<p>Caudal autotomy is a dramatic antipredator adaptation where prey shed their tail in order to escape capture by a predator. The mechanism underlying the effectiveness of caudal autotomy as a pre-capture defense has not been thoroughly investigated. We tested two non-exclusive hypotheses, that caudal autotomy works by providing the predator with a 'consolation prize' that makes it break off the hunt to consume the shed tail, and the deflection hypothesis, where the autotomy event directs predator attacks to the autotomized tail enabling prey escape. Our experiment utilized domestic dogs Canis familiaris as model predator engaged to chase a snake-like stimulus with a detachable tail. The tail was manipulated to vary in length (long vs. short) and conspicuousness (green vs. blue), with the prediction that dog attacks on the tail should increase with length under the consolation prize hypothesis, and conspicuous color under the deflection hypothesis. The tail was attacked on 35% of trials, supporting the potential for pre-capture autotomy to offer anti-predator benefits. Dogs were attracted to the tail when it was conspicuously colored, but not when it was longer. This supports the idea that deflection of predator attacks through visual effects is the prime antipredator mechanism underlying the effectiveness of caudal autotomy as opposed to provision of a consolation prize meal.</p>
Tail autotomy works as a pre-capture defense by deflecting attacks
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Autotomy does not affect reproductive success of adult red swamp crayfish and regeneration can be a continuous process in juvenile crayfish.
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