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18 results for “Avian haemosporidians”
Energy input, habitat heterogeneity, and host specificity on avian haemosporidian diversity at continental scales
<p>The correct identification of biotic and abiotic drivers affecting parasite diversity and assemblage composition at different spatial scales is crucial for understanding how pathogen distribution responds to anthropogenic disturbance and climate change. Here, we used a database of avian haemosporidian parasites to identify such drivers and their effect on the taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of genera Plasmodium, Haemoproteus, and Leucocytozoon from three zoogeographic regions. We explored how parasite diversity is related to energy input (i.e., temperature, precipitation, and potential evapotranspiration [PET]), to habitat heterogeneity (i.e., climatic seasonality, vegetation density, ecosystem heterogeneity, human disturbance, and host richness), and to a novel assemblage-level metric related to parasite niche overlap (degree of generalism). We found that the relative importance of the predictors differed between the three studied parasite genera and across diversity metrics. Among the most consistent predictors, host richness was positively related to the taxonomic diversity of the three genera. Energy input and human footprint explained the phylogenetic diversity of Haemoproteus. Finally, the degree of generalism explained the diversity of Plasmodium and Leucocytozoon. Our results suggest that different dimensions of haemosporidian diversity are shaped by energy input, host heterogeneity, and assembly processes related to parasite resource use within local parasite assemblages.</p>
Fig. 2. Predicted probabilities and 95 in Is it best on the nest? Effects of avian life-history on haemosporidian parasitism
Fig. 2. Predicted probabilities and 95% confidence intervals of haemosporidian parasitism (Plasmodium, Haemoproteus, and Leucocytozoon). Expected prevalence illustrated according to haemosporidia genera; Plasmodium represented with "P" (a), Haemoproteus represented with "H" (b–c), Leucocytozoon represented with "L" (d–f). Note that in some instances symbol size exceeded the range of confidence intervals.
Fig. 1 in Prevalence of avian haemosporidians among understorey birds of Mt. Banahaw de Lucban, Philippines.
Fig. 1 Avian haemosporidian prevalence according to altitude. P=Plasmodium, L=Leucocytozoon, H=Haemoproteus.
Fig. 2 in Neglected parasite reservoirs in wetlands: Prevalence and diversity of avian haemosporidians in waterbird communities in Northeast China
Fig. 2. Diversity (a) and frequency (b) of haemosporidian parasite lineages obtained from waterbirds in Tumuji, China. Sankey diagrams of the correlation between waterbirds (left, sorted by order) and identified haemosporidian lineages (right). The width of the lines indicates proportion to the infection recordings in waterbirds, and the colour of the lines indicates the range of the lineage size. The numbers represent infection cases. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 3 in Neglected parasite reservoirs in wetlands: Prevalence and diversity of avian haemosporidians in waterbird communities in Northeast China
Fig. 3. Bayesian phylogenetic reconstruction of 479 bp haemosporidian cyt b lineages from waterbirds in Tumuji, China, with Hepatocystis sp. as an outgroup, and several morpho-species were included for a higher resolution of phylogenetic patterns. Posterior probabilities higher than 0.90 are shown by the node. Lineages that were previously recorded and detected in this study are marked in bold. Major monophyletic clades with high support are labelled behind the line (Leucocytozoon: L1-L5; Haemoproteus: H1–H3).
Fig. 1 in Neglected parasite reservoirs in wetlands: Prevalence and diversity of avian haemosporidians in waterbird communities in Northeast China
Fig. 1. Heatmap of the apparent prevalence of waterbird species in the Tumuji National Nature Reserve. Presenting infected waterbird species (left, sorted by order) with prevalence (indicated by colour gradient, scale from 0 to 1). The sample size is shown in parentheses.
Energy input, habitat heterogeneity, and host specificity drive avian haemosporidian diversity at continental scales
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Network specificity decreases community stability and competition among avian haemosporidian parasites and their hosts
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Data from: On the specificity of avian blood parasites: revealing specific and generalist relationships between haemosporidians and biting midges
The study of host-parasite relationships involving vector-borne parasites requires understanding interactions between parasites and vectors. The capacity of haemosporidians to infect insects has clear evolutionary consequences for the transmission of diseases. Here we investigated (1) the associations between blood parasites, biting midges and birds and (2) the potential specificity between biting midge and haemosporidian haplotypes. A total of 629 parous biting midges Culicoides and 224 wild birds (belonging to seven species) from a locality of central Spain were examined individually to detect the presence of Haemoproteus and Plasmodium parasites by sequencing a fragment of the cytochrome B gene. Biting midges were identified morphologically and characterised on the basis of a fragment of the cytocrome c oxidase (COI) gene. Overall 12 Haemoproteus and 3 Plasmodium haplotypes were isolated and sequenced. Among them, 10 haplotypes were exclusively isolated from biting midges, three haplotypes only from birds and two haplotypes from both biting midges and birds. Biting midge haplotypes showed both specific and generalist relationships with Haemoproteus haplotypes but only generalist relationships with Plasmodium haplotypes. Several C. festivipennis and C. kibunesis haplotypes established significant coevolutionary links with Haemoproteus haplotypes. These results help to understand the specificity of vector-blood parasite interactions.
Fig. 2 in Prevalence of avian haemosporidians among understorey birds of Mt. Banahaw de Lucban, Philippines.
Fig. 2. Species composition of birds captured in 745–800 m sampling area
Fig. 3 in Prevalence of avian haemosporidians among understorey birds of Mt. Banahaw de Lucban, Philippines.
Fig. 3. Species composition of birds captured in 1500–1600 m sampling area
Host phylogeny and elevation predict infection by avian haemosporidians in a diverse New Guinean bird community (R script for analyses, figures, and supplemental figures )
<p>This script performs the glmm analysis of the elevation and infection prevalence data as well as the script required to generate the figures in the article.</p>
Revealing the drivers of parasite community assembly: using avian haemosporidians to model global dynamics of parasite species turnover
<p>Why do some regions share more or fewer species than others? Community assembly relies on the ability of individuals to disperse, colonize, and thrive in new regions. Therefore, many distinct factors, such as geographic distance and environmental features, can determine the odds of a species colonizing a new environment. For parasites, host community composition (i.e., resources) also plays a key role in their ability to colonize a new environment as they rely on their hosts to complete their life cycle. Thus, variation in host community composition and environmental conditions should determine parasite turnover among regions. Here, we explored the global drivers of parasite turnover using avian malaria and malaria-like (haemosporidian) parasites. We compiled global databases on avian haemosporidian lineages distributions, environmental conditions, avian species distributions and functional traits and ran generalized dissimilarity models to uncover the main drivers of parasite turnover. We demonstrated that haemosporidian parasite turnover is mainly driven by geographic distance followed by host functional traits, environmental conditions, and host distributions. The main host functional traits associated with high parasite turnover were the predominance of resident (i.e., non-migratory) species and strong territoriality while the most important climatic drivers of haemosporidian turnover were mean temperature and temperature seasonality. Overall, we establish the importance of geographic distance as a key predictor of ecological dissimilarity and show that host resources influence parasite turnover more strongly than environmental conditions. We also evidenced that parasite turnover is most pronounced among tropical and less interconnected regions (i.e., regions with mostly territorial and non-migratory hosts). Our findings provide a robust foundation for the prediction of avian pathogen spread and the emergence of infectious diseases.</p>
Nowhere to escape: The cross-age avian haemosporidian exposure of migrants in Northeast China
<p>Pathogen infection has been progressively recognized as a potential driver of animal migration, and the infection pattern in a certain host may be related to its migration status. Nestling viability can be a crucial life stage in the evolution of the migration cycle but has been irregularly studied to date. In this study, we tested the 'migratory exposure' hypothesis by comparing the prevalence and diversity of avian haemosporidian parasites in the breeding area between two dominant species including adults and nestlings: yellow-rumped flycatcher (<em>Ficedula zanthopygia</em>), which is a summer migratory species, and Japanese tit (<em>Parus minor</em>), which is a local resident species. The yellow-rumped flycatcher harboured more diverse parasite lineages than the Japanese tit, which is in line with the expectation of the 'migratory exposure' hypothesis, while nestlings present a similar but more applicable pattern. Among the 40 unique identified parasite lineages, only one was shared between host species and three between age classes. Nestlings suffered a high parasite diversity with plenty of age-specific lineages in the breeding area, mainly Leucocytozoon, which may suggest an extraordinary selection pressure in the life-stages not just for adults during migration. However, the most common lineages in adults were not detected in nestlings, and the prevalence of infection is significantly lower in nestlings than in adults. Our results suggest that migratory birds may have suffered from more frequent parasite infections during migration, but escaped from more virulent lineages at the same time. The difference in susceptibility and parasite assembly between adults and nestlings in migrants may result from an intricate interaction along the evolution of life history. Our investigations have revealed the significance of avian haemosporidian parasite infection patterns in nestlings in breeding areas, and provide a novel insight into the driving forces of migration.</p>
Data from: On the specificity of avian blood parasites: revealing specific and generalist relationships between haemosporidians and biting midges
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Nowhere to escape: The cross-age avian haemosporidian exposure of migrants in Northeast China
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Revealing the drivers of parasite community assembly: using avian haemosporidians to model global dynamics of parasite species turnover
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Fig. 1 in Is it best on the nest? Effects of avian life-history on haemosporidian parasitism
Fig. 1. Locations and land cover of sampling sites of Tabankulu village, Simunye town, and Mbuluzi Game Reserve in northeastern Eswatini (Eswatini Sentinel2 Land Use Land Cover 2016).
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