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Figure 5 in Evolution of axial patterning in elongate fishes

Figure 5. Number of abdominal and caudal vertebrae from our literature-based data set. Species were grouped into orders. Regression results are in Table 1, and a list of the species plotted is available in Supplementary Material: Table S1. The dotted line has a slope of one, indicating equal changes in abdominal and caudal vertebrae.

Figure 7 in Evolution of axial patterning in elongate fishes

Figure 7. Vertebral aspect ratio (AR) in the abdominal and caudal regions (AR = centrum length/centrum width). Solid lines are reduced major axis (RMA) regressions based on the raw data (the data points shown), and dashed lines are RMA regressions based on independent contrasts of abdominal and caudal aspect ratio. Regression statistics are given in Tables 4, 5.

Figure 3 in Evolution of axial patterning in elongate fishes

Figure 3. Intrarelationships of the seven groups included in our museum-based study. In the line drawings, the grey portion of each silhouette highlights the tail region of the body. A, Polypteriformes (Nelson, 1994); B, Osteoglossomorpha (Hilton, 2003); C, Elopomorpha (Belouze, 2002); D, Ostariophysi (Fink & Fink, 1981; Nelson, 1994); E, Paracanthopterygii (Patterson & Rosen, 1989; Endo, 2002); F, Beloniformes (Lovejoy, 2000); G, Scombroidei (Johnson & Baldwin, 1994).

Figure 2 in Evolution of axial patterning in elongate fishes

Figure 2. Models of axial patterning in fishes. A, vertebral number; B, vertebral aspect ratio (centrum length/centrum width). For an explanation of the models, see text.

Figure 1. Vertebrae from the Atlantic tarpon, Megalops atlanticus. A in Evolution of axial patterning in elongate fishes

Figure 1. Vertebrae from the Atlantic tarpon, Megalops atlanticus. A, anterior and lateral views of an abdominal vertebra with ribs; B, anterior and lateral views of a caudal vertebra with fused haemal arch.

Figure 4 in Evolution of axial patterning in elongate fishes

Figure 4. Contribution of increases in vertebral number and aspect ratio to overall body elongation. Elongation ratio (ER) is the standard length divided by the next largest body axis, either width or depth. The raw values plotted here were converted to independent contrast scores and a reduced major axis (RMA) regression, with the intercept forced through zero, was performed. A, total vertebral number vs. ER. Results from RMA regression on independent contrasts: y = 9.3x, R = 0.32, P = 0.02. B, vertebral aspect ratio (AR = centrum length/centrum width) vs. ER. Points represent the mean of abdominal and caudal ARs for each species. Results from RMA regression on independent contrasts: R = 0.18, P = 0.72. C, axial elongation index (AEI) vs. ER. AEI = (abdominal vertebral number)(abdominal AR) + (caudal vertebral number)(caudal AR). Results from RMA regression on independent contrasts: y = 10.0x, R = 0.46, P <0.001., Beloniformes;, Elopomorpha;, Ostariophysi;, Osteoglossomorpha;, Paracanthoptery-

Figure 9 in Evolution of axial patterning in elongate fishes

Figure 9. Squared-change parsimony traced phylogenies for abdominal aspect ratio and caudal aspect ratio. For each species, the mean of abdominal and caudal aspect ratio was calculated for this analysis. The interrelationships of the seven clades examined are based on Lauder & Liem (1983), and references for the intrarelationships are given in the legend to Fig. 3. Both traces are based on a squared-change parsimony algorithm in MacClade, version 4.06 (Maddison, 1991). Lighter coloured branches (white, yellow) are lower values of aspect ratio and darker branches (purple, black) are higher values of aspect ratio.

Figure 6 in Evolution of axial patterning in elongate fishes

Figure 6. Number of vertebrae in each of the two regions of the vertebral column, abdominal and caudal, for six clades in the museum-based study. Solid circles () represent the species means for number of abdominal vertebrae, and solid squares () represent the species means for number of caudal vertebrae. Solid regression lines are for abdominal vertebral number and dashed regression lines are for caudal vertebral number. The thick regression lines were calculated from the raw data points shown, and the thin regression lines are based on independent contrasts. Regression statistics are given in Tables 2, 3.

Figure 8 in Evolution of axial patterning in elongate fishes

Figure 8. Squared-change parsimony traced phylogenies for number of abdominal vertebrae and number of caudal vertebrae. The interrelationships of the seven clades examined are based on Lauder & Liem (1983), and references for the intrarelationships are given in the legend to Fig. 3. Both traces are based on a squared-change parsimony algorithm in MacClade, version 4.06 (Maddison, 1991). Lighter coloured branches (white, yellow) are lower vertebral numbers and darker branches (purple, black) are higher vertebral numbers. Electrophorus electricus was pseudocoloured in the number of caudal vertebrae to allow for greater resolution of the caudal vertebrae trace (see Material and methods). Two nodes are labelled A and B to allow their identification in the text.

restrictedIPD-UNDECIDEDFeb 2026View details →

ClinicalTrials.gov32/100

Myopia:the Role of Cone Opsin Mutations & Glasses That Control Axial Elongation

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01923675. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 9.

opencc-zeroOct 2019View details →

Data from: Axial length elongation and myopia incidence increase in primary school-age children: 3-year follow-up study

Objective: To investigate the axial length (AL) elongation in primary school-age children during 3-year follow-up period, and evaluate the associations of AL elongation with spherical equivalent (SE), AL at baseline, body height and weight. Design: A 3-year observational cohort study from 2014 to 2017. Setting: Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University in Shanghai. Methods: A total of 452 children successfully completed their measurements in the 3-year follow-up period. Among those children, the mean age was 6.9 ± 0.7 years, ranging from 6 years to 8 years, and 217 (42.7%) were boys. AL was measured with an ocular biometry system. Refractive error was measured using an auto-refractor without cycloplegia. Results: The mean changes of ALs were 0.27 ± 0.28 mm, 0.52 ± 0.40 mm, and 0.89 ± 0.51mm over 1 year, over 2 years and over 3 years, respectively. The mean changes of Spherical equivalents (SEs) were -0.27 ± 0.80 D, -0.56 ± 1.00 D, and -0.95 ± 1.41 D over 1 year, over 2 years and over 3 years, respectively. Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that mean change of AL was associated with mean change of SE at all points (all P < 0.001). In addition, linear regression analysis revealed that AL elongation in the 3-year follow-up period was associated with AL at baseline (R2 = 0.009, P = 0.045). Conclusions: AL elongation is relatively high in the primary school-age children in Jinshan District, Shanghai. Effect strategies are needed to control AL elongation.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Contribution of cell proliferation to axial elongation in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum

Most arthropods generate their posterior bodies by adding segments periodically, as the embryo grows, from a posteriorly located region called the segment addition zone. This mode of segmentation is shared with vertebrates and relies on oscillatory mechanisms, where the temporal periodicity of a clock is translated into repetitive spatial patterns. This ordered anterior-to-posterior pattern is achieved at the same time as the tissue elongates, opening the question of the functional coordination between the mechanisms of segmental patterning and posterior growth. The study of these processes in different arthropods has played an important role in unravelling some of the molecular mechanisms of segment formation. However, the behavior of cells during elongation and how cellular processes affect this segmental patterning has been poorly studied. Cell proliferation together with cell rearrangements are presumed to be the major forces driving axis elongation in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. However, there still no strong evidence about the role and distribution of cell proliferation within the embryo. In this study, we propose to address these questions by using whole embryo cultures and pharmacological manipulation. We show that considerable cell proliferation occurs during germband elongation, measured by incorporation of the nucleoside analog of thymidine 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine, EdU. Moreover, proliferating cells appeared to be spread along the elongating embryo with a posterior bias at early segmentation. In addition, when we blocked cell division, treated germbands were always shorter than controls and in some cases not able to fully elongate, even when control embryos already started to retract and leg buds are evident. Finally, we found that the absence of cell proliferation has no apparent effect on segmental patterning, as evidenced by Tc-engrailed (Tc-en) gene expression.

zenodo28/100

Text-fig. 6. Quercus sp. Red Oak, UF 279-24550. a, b: Wood semi-ring-porous to diffuse-porous; vessels exclusively solitary; thinwalled tyloses in wide vessels; diffuse, diffuse-in-aggregates axial parenchyma; rays of two distinct sizes. TS. c: Rays of two distinct sizes, TLS. d: Vessel-vasicentric tracheid pitting, RLS. e: Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting with reduced borders, vertically elongate, RLS. f: Narrow rays 1-2 cells wide, TLS. g: Ray composed of procumbent cells, RLS. Scale bars: 200 µm in a, b, c; 50 µm in d, f, g; 20 µm in e. in A Diverse Assemblage Of Late Eocene Woods From Oregon, Western Usa

Text-fig. 6. Quercus sp. Red Oak, UF 279-24550. a, b: Wood semi-ring-porous to diffuse-porous; vessels exclusively solitary; thinwalled tyloses in wide vessels; diffuse, diffuse-in-aggregates axial parenchyma; rays of two distinct sizes. TS. c: Rays of two distinct sizes, TLS. d: Vessel-vasicentric tracheid pitting, RLS. e: Vessel-ray parenchyma pitting with reduced borders, vertically elongate, RLS. f: Narrow rays 1-2 cells wide, TLS. g: Ray composed of procumbent cells, RLS. Scale bars: 200 µm in a, b, c; 50 µm in d, f, g; 20 µm in e.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2022View details →

zenodo28/100

Supporting Data:A pleiotropic 'stretch' phenotype is associated with metaxylem vessel element length, axial hydraulic conductance, root elongation, water utilization, and drought adaptation in maize.

These data were collected to assess how xylem perforation plates affect water use strategies in maize (Zea mays L.) under water deficit through empirical studies in controlled environments and in the field. In this work, our goals were to explore the extent of intraspecific variation for the structure of perforation plates within an annual monocot and assess how this variation affects transport and use of water under drought stress. Specifically, we test the hypotheses that (1) simple perforation plates have a significant effect on water transport, (2) intraspecific variation exists for these features in maize, and (3) this variation affects water use strategies under drought stress.

restrictedcc-by-4.0Apr 2024View details →

publicOct 2019View details →

Data from: Axial length elongation and myopia incidence increase in primary school-age children: 3-year follow-up study

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