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Fig. 2 in Natural history of Zoonotic Babesia: Role of wildlife reservoirs

Fig. 2. Babesia parasites in human erythrocytes. (a) B. divergens, (b) B. venatorum, (c) Babesia sp. MO1 from Kentucky, (d) B. microti, (e) B. duncani, (f) Babesia sp. KO1 from Korea. (1) Paired piriforms; (2) Tetrads; (3) Ring forms. The figure was reprinted with permission from Elsevier first published in Gray et al. (2010). The parasites shown in Fig. 2a, b, c, e, and f were assembled from original photographs, first published as follows: (a) Hunfeld et al., 2008; (b) Häselbarth et al., 2007; (c) Beattie et al., 2002; (e) Kjemtrup et al., 2002; (f) Kim et al., 2007.

Fig. 1 in Natural history of Zoonotic Babesia: Role of wildlife reservoirs

Fig. 1. Phylogenetic tree of Babesia and related piroplasms with zoonotic species bolded. The tree was constructed using neighbor-joining analysis of full-length 18S rRNA gene sequences extracted from GenBank (accession numbers listed for each species). For zoonotic representatives, the endemic country or region is listed in parentheses.

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Figs 3A–F in Rat spleen in the course of Babesia submicroscopic studies microti invasion: histological and

Figs 3A–F. Splenic white pulp of rats with 21-day (A, arrows show empty spaces in nuclear membrane) and 6-month B. microti invasion (B). Swellings in rat spleen with 21-day B. microti invasion (C). Invaded erythrocytes in sinus blood vessels in rat spleen with 21-day parasitemia (D). Vacuole in macrophage of the rat spleen with 6-month B. microti invasion (E). Macrophage in red pulp of the rat spleen with 6-month B. microti invasion (F). Preparations imaging with the use of transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Abbreviations: Bm – Babesia microti merozoites, Er – erythrocytes, Hem – hemosiderin, Mf – macrophage containing digested fragments of erythrocytes and heterophagical vacuoles – HV, Tr – thrombocytes, V – vacuole containing fibrous remnants of cytoskeleton.

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Figs 1A–E in Rat spleen in the course of Babesia submicroscopic studies microti invasion: histological and

Figs 1A–E. The peripheral blood smear of control rats (A) rats with 21-day B. microti invasion (B) and rats with 6-month B. microti invasion (C) (black arrows – B. microti merozoites). Preparations were stained with MGG method. The surface observations of erythrocytes invaded with B. microti showed the presence of characteristic, elongated structures under the cell membrane (D, E). Imaging in AFM. Abbreviation: Lf – lymphocyte.

Fig. 5 in A retrospective study of Babesia macropus associated with morbidity and mortality in eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) and agile wallabies (Macropus agilis)

Fig. 5. Phylogenetic tree of heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) gene sequences of eastern grey kangaroo and agile wallaby Babesia and other piroplasm hsp70 sequences in the GenBank nucleotide database. For each sequence, the GenBank GI number is followed by the species name. The representative Babesia isolates from eastern grey kangaroos and an agile wallaby in this study are shown with a - and a ♦ respectively. The evolutionary history was inferred using the Maximum Likelihood method based on the TamuraNei model (Tamura and Nei, 1993). The tree with the highest log likelihood (−6290.3774) is shown. Initial tree for the heuristic search was obtained automatically as follows. When the number of common sites was <100 or less than one fourth of the total number of sites, the maximum parsimony method was used; otherwise, BIONJ method with MCL distance matrix was used. The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths measured in the number of substitutions per site. The scale bar represents the number of substitutions per nucleotide. All positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated. There are limited data available on this locus within the public data repositories and as such there is some lack of consistency with the 18S ribosomal RNA tree.

Fig. 4 in A retrospective study of Babesia macropus associated with morbidity and mortality in eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) and agile wallabies (Macropus agilis)

Fig. 4. Phylogenetic tree of 18S ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) gene sequences of eastern grey kangaroo and agile wallaby Babesia and other piroplasms that are in the GenBank nucleotide database. For each sequence, the GenBank GI number is followed by the species name. The representative Babesia isolates from eastern grey kangaroos and an agile wallaby in this study are shown with a - and a ♦ respectively. Evolutionary history was inferred using the Maximum Likelihood method based on the Tamura 3-parameter model. The tree with the highest log likelihood (−1820.5242) is shown. Initial tree for the heuristic search was obtained automatically as follows. When the number of common sites was <100 or less than one fourth of the total number of sites, the maximum parsimony method was used; otherwise, BIONJ method with MCL distance matrix was used. The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths measured in the number of substitutions per site. The scale bar represents the number of substitutions per nucleotide. All positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated. Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA6 (Tamura et al., 2011).

Fig. 1 in A retrospective study of Babesia macropus associated with morbidity and mortality in eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) and agile wallabies (Macropus agilis)

Fig. 1. Map showing the distribution of the 38 cases of Babesia infection in eastern grey kangaroos in coastal New South Wales and southeastern Queensland over the period 1995–2013. Insert also shows the two locations of the three cases identified in agile wallabies in northern Queensland in 2009 and 2013. The locations of cases were converted to GPS coordinates and mapped using GPS Visualizer on 21/05/2014 (www.gpsvisualizer.com).

Fig. 3 in Epidemiology and molecular phylogeny of Babesia sp. in Little Penguins Eudyptula minor in Australia

Fig. 3. Agarose gel electrophoresis of amplification products obtained through nested PCR tests targeting the 18S rRNA gene of Babesia (primers Bab5.1/BabB followed by RLBF/RLBR) or the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of Haemoproteus/Plasmodium (primers HaemNFI/HaemNR3 followed by HaemF/HaemR2). The following samples are represented: (a) captive-born little penguin chick, negative blood smear; (b) adult wild little penguin, negative blood smear; (c) Babesia-infected adult wild little penguin, as confirmed through blood smear; (d) Haemoproteus-infected adult tropical screech owl, as confirmed through blood smear; (e) Plasmodium-inoculated chicken, raised in arthropod-free environment; (f) blood parasite-free chicken, raised in arthropodfree environment.

Fig. 1 in Epidemiology and molecular phylogeny of Babesia sp. in Little Penguins Eudyptula minor in Australia

Fig. 1. Geographic distribution of sampling locations, southeast Australia. Site details are given in Table 1. The geographic distribution of little penguins (black area) is shown in the top right map (adapted from Marchant and Higgins, 1990).

Fig. 3 in A retrospective study of Babesia macropus associated with morbidity and mortality in eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) and agile wallabies (Macropus agilis)

Fig. 3. Transmission electron micrographs showing the intravascular location and structure of Babesia organisms in the kidney and brain of eastern grey kangaroos. (A) Kidney, the cytoplasm of two adjacent erythrocytes contains Babesia merozoites (arrows) with a membrane-bound nucleus (N) and cytoplasm containing polymorphic vacuoles and some electron dense particles (C) (scale bar = 1.0 μm). (B) Brain, adjacent to an intact erythrocyte and the nucleus of an endothelial cell is a cluster of extraerythrocytic Babesia organisms containing electron dense micronemes and developing pellicles (arrows) (scale bar = 2.0 μm). (C) Brain, within the capillary lumen is a cluster of eight or nine extraerythrocytic organisms (thick arrow) and a distorted erythrocyte (thin arrow) containing four intracytoplasmic parasites (scale bar = 5.0 μm).

Fig. 4 in Epidemiology and molecular phylogeny of Babesia sp. in Little Penguins Eudyptula minor in Australia

Fig. 4. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of the 18S rRNA gene of the studied Babesia lineages. Lineages identified in this study are emphasized in red, and other avianinfecting lineages are emphasized in blue. For each lineage, the following information is provided: morphospecies (Genbank ascension number) host species. For avianinfecting lineages, the geographic location is also provided. Branch lengths are drawn proportionally to evolutionary distance (scale bar is shown). For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.

Fig. 2 in Epidemiology and molecular phylogeny of Babesia sp. in Little Penguins Eudyptula minor in Australia

Fig. 2. Babesia sp. in the blood smear of a little penguin. Individual details: TAS- 124, male, adult, moulting, sampled at "Darlington Foreshore" (Maria Island, Tasmania) in 21/02/2013, Genbank ascension number KP144323, Giemsa stain.

Fig. 2 in A retrospective study of Babesia macropus associated with morbidity and mortality in eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) and agile wallabies (Macropus agilis)

Fig. 2. Photomicrographs showing the forms of Babesia seen in cytological preparations and tissue sections in macropods. (A) Agile wallaby. Giemsa stained peripheral blood smear showing extraerythrocytic zoites (thin arrow) and merozoites (thick arrow) within an intact erythrocyte. (B) Eastern grey kangaroo. Diff-Quik-stained renal impression smear demonstrating 2 or 4 merozoites within intact erythrocytes (thick arrows) and clusters of extraerythrocytic zoites (thin arrows). (C) Eastern grey kangaroo. DiffQuik-stained brain squash preparation showing large clusters of intravascular zoites (arrows). (D) Eastern grey kangaroo. H&E stained section of kidney glomerulus showing merozoites within intact erythrocytes (thick arrows) and as large extraerythrocytic clusters of zoites (thin arrows). All scale bars = 20 μm.

Fig. 1 in Observation of a novel Babesia spp. in Eastern Grey Kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) in Australia

Fig. 1. Photomicrograph of a blood smear from an Eastern Grey kangaroo stained with Giemsa and showing the presence of Babesia species merozoites. Bar = 10 µm.

Fig. 3 in Observation of a novel Babesia spp. in Eastern Grey Kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) in Australia

Fig. 3. Electron micrographs of Babesia spp. (Case 2) within an erythrocyte. Nucleus (N); host cytoplasm (HC); endoplasmic reticulum (ER); ribosome (RI); mitochondria (MC), and invagination (I). Bar = 0.5 µm.

Fig. 2 in Observation of a novel Babesia spp. in Eastern Grey Kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) in Australia

Fig. 2. Photomicrograph of blood smears stained with Diff-Quik (A) and Giemsa (B–F) from eastern grey kangaroos (Cases 2 and 3) showing diverse forms of Babesia including paired merozoites (2A), multiple ring-shaped trophozoites with a chromatin dot (2B), a large ring-shaped trophozoite with three chromatin dots (2C), ring-shaped trophozoite with a pair of buds in early dividing stage (2D), two dividing trophozoites with a cytoplasmic bridge (2E), and a clump of diverse forms of extraerythrocytic Babesia (3F). Bar = 10 µm.

Fig. 4 in Observation of a novel Babesia spp. in Eastern Grey Kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) in Australia

Fig. 4. Minimum evolution phylogenetic tree based on a 1560 bp 18S rRNA alignment for representatives of the genus Babesia including the new kangaroo-infecting species (in bold and underlined) originating from Cases 1 and 2. Also underlined and in bold are other species sequenced as part of this study. Branch support is shown with a ‡ where all tree building methods (parsimony, distance and likelihood) had at least 70% bootstrap and Bayesian support.

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Fig. 2 in Hemoparasites in a wild primate: Infection patterns suggest interaction of Plasmodium and Babesia in a lemur species

Fig. 2. Age-dependence of Babesia sp. infections (grey) and Plasmodium sp. infections (black). The lines represent the predicted values according to the two different GLMMs.

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Fig. 1 in Hemoparasites in a wild primate: Infection patterns suggest interaction of Plasmodium and Babesia in a lemur species

Fig. 1. Maximum likelihood tree of malaria parasite cytochrome b sequences (P. = Plasmodium). The clade formed by lemur malaria parasites is blue. The two sequences detected in this study are highlighted with grey rectangles. Bootstrap values are reported above branches when>50. The scale is in substitution per site.