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Figs 41–50 in New fossil genus and new extant species of diatoms (Stephanodiscaceae, Bacillariophyceae) from Pleistocene sediments in the Neotropics (Guatemala, Central America): adaptation to a changing environment?

Figs 41–50. Discostella gabinii Paillès & Sylvestre sp. nov., Lake Petén-Itzá (Guatemala); LM valve views. 41–42. Modern specimens of D. gabinii sp. nov. from Cenote Juarez. 43–44. Modern specimens of D. gabinii sp. nov. from Lake Amatitlan. 45–50. Type material of fossil lacustrine diatom D. gabinii sp. nov. 45. Holotype (MNHN, slide PC060873). 48–50. A shadow line is visible in large specimens. Scale bar = 10 µm.

Figs 25–32 in New fossil genus and new extant species of diatoms (Stephanodiscaceae, Bacillariophyceae) from Pleistocene sediments in the Neotropics (Guatemala, Central America): adaptation to a changing environment?

Figs 25–32. Type material of fossil lacustrine diatom Cyclocostis rolfii Paillès gen. et sp. nov.; SEM external valve views. 25. Valve view of concentrically undulated marginal area and tangentially undulated central area; punctuated striae become in the central area rows of larger areolae arranged in a stellate pattern. 26. Valve surface with scattered papillae; the external opening of the single valve face fultoportula is located on the raised part (white arrowhead). 27. Marginal area showing the external openings of marginal fultoportulae, collared but with no projections (white arrowheads). 28. Side view of marginal area showing striation, papillae, external openings of marginal fultoportulae (mfp – two white arrows), and the cingulum consisting of an open valvocopula and several copulae (white arrow). 29. Detail of the central area with large areolae; external areolae are bigger and occluded by volae in places where ribs are fusing. 30. Broken valve view showing the different striation between the margins and the center, the steep transversal undulation and the valve thickness. 31. Marginal area with the external openings of marginal fultoportulae (white arrowheads), papillae, and the cingulum. 32. Broken valve view showing the simple structure of anastomosing ribs covered by a finely perforated silica layer. Scale bars: 25 = 5 µm; 26, 28–32 =2 µm; 27 = 1 µm (27).

Fig. 59 in New fossil genus and new extant species of diatoms (Stephanodiscaceae, Bacillariophyceae) from Pleistocene sediments in the Neotropics (Guatemala, Central America): adaptation to a changing environment?

Fig. 59. Diagram showing the succession of Stephanodiscaceae Glezer & Makarova in Pleistocene sediments (0–84 ka) from Lake Petén-Itzá (Guatemala).

Figs 1–24 in New fossil genus and new extant species of diatoms (Stephanodiscaceae, Bacillariophyceae) from Pleistocene sediments in the Neotropics (Guatemala, Central America): adaptation to a changing environment?

Figs 1–24. Type material of fossil lacustrine diatom Cyclocostis rolfii Paillès gen. et sp. nov., Lake PeténItzá (Guatemala); LM girdle view (1) and valve views (2–24). 4. Holotype (MNHN, slide PC0608731). 7–8. Valve surface strongly tangentially undulated, forming an S shape. Scale bar = 10 µm.

Figs 22–27 in Two new marine species of Cocconeis (Bacillariophyceae) from the west coast of Sweden

Figs 22–27. SEM images of C. magnoareolata Al-Handal, Riaux-Gob., R.Jahn & A.K.Wulff sp. nov. (BGBM, slide B 40 0043104). 22, 25–26. External view of the outline and stria density of the RV. 23–24. Internal view of the RV exhibiting the slightly raised central area and the submarginal rim. 27. Enlarged part of the external face of raphe valve showing RV hymenes with a row of short marginal slits (arrow).

Figs 16–21 in Two new marine species of Cocconeis (Bacillariophyceae) from the west coast of Sweden

Figs 16–21. SEM images of C. magnoareolata Al-Handal, Riaux-Gob., R.Jahn & A.K.Wulff sp. nov. (BGBM, slide B 40 0043104). 16. Internal view of the SV. 17-18. External view of the SV, showing subquadrangular areolae. 19. Hymenes of the SV arranged as slits on the margin of the areolae (arrows). 20. Abvalvar side of the SV valvocopulae with short fimbriae (arrow). 21. Open valvocopulae of the SV with numerous serrate fimbriae.

Figs 10–15 in Two new marine species of Cocconeis (Bacillariophyceae) from the west coast of Sweden

Figs 10–15. SEM images of Cocconeis vrangoensis Al-Handal & Riaux-Gob. sp. nov. (BGBM, slide B 40 0043105). 10–12. SV. 13–15. Internal side of the RV, showing variations in valves size and outline. Scale bar: 10 µm.

Figs 37–45 in Two new marine species of Cocconeis (Bacillariophyceae) from the west coast of Sweden

Figs 37–45. SEM images of C. vrangoensis Al-Handal & Riaux-Gob. sp. nov. (BGBM, slide B 40 0043105). 37–39. External RV side showing uniseriate striae on valve face and bi- to triseriate striae on valve margin, as well as variation in valve outline, arrow on Fig. 36 points to the marginal hyaline area. 40–42. Internal RV side showing submarginal rim and marginal areolae, arrow on Fig. 41 points to the folded mantle. 43. Areolae with radiate marginal perforations of the hymens (arrow). 44. Abvalvar side of the valvocopulae showing shape of fimbriae, with intervalary short fimbriae (arrow). 45. Enlarged part of the abvalvar side of the valvocopula with an oblong papillae (arrow).

Figs 2–9 in Two new marine species of Cocconeis (Bacillariophyceae) from the west coast of Sweden

Figs 2–9. LM images. 2–4. RV of C. magnoareolata Al-Handal, Riaux-Gob., R.Jahn & A.K.Wulff sp. nov., showing variations in size and valve outline (BGBM, slide B 40 0043104). 5–7. SV of C. magnoareolata sp. nov. (BGBM, slide B 40 0043104). 8–9. SV and RV of C. arenicola Ryznik (ANSP, slide no. 62634). Scale bars: 10 µm.

Figs 28–36 in Two new marine species of Cocconeis (Bacillariophyceae) from the west coast of Sweden

Figs 28–36. SEM images of C. vrangoensis Al-Handal & Riaux-Gob. sp. nov. (BGBM, slide B 40 0043105). 28–29. Internal view of the SV. 30. External view of the SV. 31. Enlarged section of the marginal part of showing areola structure. 32. Areolae occluded by hymenes, internal side. 33. Radial arrangement of areolae, external side. 34. Advalvar side of the valvocopula showing shape of fimbria. 35. Abvalvar side of valvocopula. 36. Closed and strong valvocopula with fimbriae.

Fig. 1 in Two new marine species of Cocconeis (Bacillariophyceae) from the west coast of Sweden

Fig. 1. Map of the west coast of Sweden and location of sampling site, Vrångö Island (black circle).

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Figures 28–36 in A new species of Craspedostauros (Bacillariophyceae) from the west coast of Sweden, with taxonomic and ecological notes on Craspedostauros laevissimus

Figures 28–36: Scanning electron micrographs of Craspedostauros cf. laevissimus. (28) Internal side of two valves with different outline and size. (29) External side of the valve exhibiting weakly inflated central part and a slight undulation of valve face. (30) Valve interior showing the stauros occupying the middle part of the central area, and the simple elongated proximal raphe endings. (31) External central area with the elongated proximal raphe endings. (32) Internal valve pole showing raphe distal ending and striae spreading around all valve apex. (33) External valve pole with the curved raphe distal ending. (34) Rounded areolae with cribral pores, note the equal size pf peripheral and central pores. (35) Frustule in girdle view. (36) Enlarged part of the frustule showing a cingular band with numerous longitudinal rows of variable sized elongated areolae. Scale bars: (28, 29, 35) 10 μm; (30, 31, 32, 33, 36) 2 μm; (34) 1 μm.

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Figures 18–27 in A new species of Craspedostauros (Bacillariophyceae) from the west coast of Sweden, with taxonomic and ecological notes on Craspedostauros laevissimus

Figures 18–27: Scanning electron micrographs of Craspedostauros lateralis sp. nov. (18) Valve in internal view. (19) External side of the valve. (20) Middle part of the valve interior showing the depressed areas on both sides of the axial area (arrows) and the characteristic triangular constriction of the valve which is an extension of the central area (fascia). (21) The two irregular hyaline areas (arrows) which form the junction line between valve face and the mantle. (22) Internal side of the valve pole exhibiting the distal raphe ending. (23) External side of the valve pole with the curved distal raphe ending. (24) Elongated areolae on both sides of the axial area with numerous cribral pores. (25) External openings of the areolae with 4–5 peripheral cribral pores. (26) Valve in girdle view. (27) Internal side of the valve showing the folded marginal silica flap and the dome-like central helicoglossa (arrow). Scale bars: 18, 19,26) 8 μm; (20,21, 22, 23, 27) 2 μm; (24, 25) 0.8 μm.

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Figures 1–17 in A new species of Craspedostauros (Bacillariophyceae) from the west coast of Sweden, with taxonomic and ecological notes on Craspedostauros laevissimus

Figures 1–17: Light micrographs of Craspedostauros lateralis sp. nov. and C. cf. laevissimus of different sizes. (1–9) Craspedostauros lateralis. (1–8) Showing the distinct constriction of the valve and the shape of the stauros. (9) A small valve with elliptic outline. (10–17) Craspedostauros cf. laevissimus. (10–12) Valves with parallel margins. (13, 14) Valves with slightly inflated valve halves. (15) Valve with slightly swollen at the centre. (16) Small elliptic valve. (17) Frustule in girdle view showing constriction and cingular bands. Scale bars = 10 μm.

FIG. 5 in Encyonema keshrii, sp. nov.: a new diatom species (Cymbellales, Bacillariophyceae) from the Indian subcontinent

FIG. 5. — Light microscopy of Encyonema keshrii, sp. nov., represented from the Sharavathi River sample: A-M, valve views showing the size diminution series; N, girdle view. Scale bar: A-N, 10 µm.

FIG. 4 in Encyonema keshrii, sp. nov.: a new diatom species (Cymbellales, Bacillariophyceae) from the Indian subcontinent

FIG. 4. — Scanning electron micrographs of girdle view of Encyonema keshrii, sp. nov.: A, dorsal side; B, ventral side of whole valve, showing mantle areolae and girdle bands; C, valve apex covered with girdle bands and transapical areolae present on the valve mantle; D, central area showing the mantle areolae, ribbed valve margin and layers of girdle bands. Scale bars: A-D, 1 μm.

FIG. 3 in Encyonema keshrii, sp. nov.: a new diatom species (Cymbellales, Bacillariophyceae) from the Indian subcontinent

FIG. 3. — Scanning electron micrographs of valve interior of Encyonema keshrii, sp. nov.: A, B, whole valve view, with raphe and striation pattern; C, E valve apices, with small helictoglossae; D, central area, showing proximal raphe ends. Scale bars: A, B, 5 μm; C-E, 1 μm.

FIG. 2 in Encyonema keshrii, sp. nov.: a new diatom species (Cymbellales, Bacillariophyceae) from the Indian subcontinent

FIG. 2. — Scanning electron micrographs of valve exterior of Encyonema keshrii, sp. nov.: A, B, whole valve showing slightly dorsiventral, lanceolate to linearlanceolate valves, raphe and striation pattern; C, showing unique lineolate areolus; D, F, details of marginal and apical pole showing distal raphe ends, mantle poroids; E, middle portion of the valve showing proximal raphe ends. Scale bars: A, B, 5 µm; C, 0.25 µm; D-F, 1 µm.

FIG. 6 in Encyonema keshrii, sp. nov.: a new diatom species (Cymbellales, Bacillariophyceae) from the Indian subcontinent

FIG. 6. — Scanning electron micrographs of Encyonema keshrii, sp. nov., represented from the Sharavathi River sample: A-C, valve exterior ultrastructures; D-F, valve interior ultrastructures. Scale bars: A-F, 1 μm.

FIG. 2 in Adlafia diahotensis, sp. nov. (Bacillariophyceae), a new species from New Caledonia

FIG. 2.— Adlafia diahotensis Le Cohu, Marquié & Tudesque, sp. nov., SEM: A, B, internal views of an half valve showing the shift in the striae orientation marked by a bifurcate stria (arrows), the distant internal proximal raphe endings deflected to the primary side and the helictoglossa laterally extended by a siliceous thickening (arrowhead); C, external view showing a valvocopula (vc) and the end of a copula (c); D, tilted external view with the end of a valvocopula (vc) and a copula (c). Scale bars: A, C, 2 µm; B, D, 3 µm.