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Figure 4 in Chronic stress from fishing gear entanglement is recorded in baleen from a bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus)

Figure 4. Glucocorticoid hormone profile in baleen from entangled bowhead whale 17B6. Baleen GC concentrations (ng/g) are shown as red circles for cortisol and orange circles for corticosterone. Sample dates were estimated based on an annual baleen growth rate of 17.5 cm/yr, starting with the harvest date (5 May 2017) on the right side of the bottom x-axis and extending retrospectively to approximately November 2005 on the left side of the x-axis (tick marks are months). Sampling locations along the baleen plate are shown on the top x-axis, and background gridlines represent the 1.25 or 2.5 cm sampling intervals used, starting at the plate base.

Figure 3. The first 10 in Chronic stress from fishing gear entanglement is recorded in baleen from a bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus)

Figure 3. The first 10 cm of the baleen plate from bowhead whale 17B6 showing a measuring tape attached to the labial margin of the plate to guide sampling intervals. Samples were drilled every 1.25 cm (~26 d intervals) across the horizontal growth lines along the plate for the first 35 cm of growth to maximize the possibility of capturing data on the entanglement event from more recent baleen growth, and every 2.5 cm (~52 d intervals) for the reminder of the plate to establish baseline levels of GCs prior to the entanglement. Samples were collected using a hand-held Dremel rotary tool to produce pulverized baleen powder for glucocorticoid hormone analysis.

Figure 2. Fishing rope recovered from bowhead whale 17B6 in Chronic stress from fishing gear entanglement is recorded in baleen from a bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus)

Figure 2. Fishing rope recovered from bowhead whale 17B6 included two types of 19 mm diameter rope. Segment (#1) appeared to be white nylon rope, while segments (#s 2, 4, 5) were blue-flecked and most likely a copolymer rope. Segment (#3) was line used by the hunters during the harvest and was not part of the whale entanglement. Fraying of the rope ends was consistent with cut ends that had not been heat sealed or whipped. It was not possible to determine the status of the gear at the time of entanglement.

Figure 1. Entangled bowhead whale 17B6 in Chronic stress from fishing gear entanglement is recorded in baleen from a bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus)

Figure 1. Entangled bowhead whale 17B6. (A) 17B6 appeared quite thin in the posterior region, and had six full wraps of fishing line around the peduncle (white circle). (B) Close-up of the peduncle of 17B6 showing the embedded fishing line. Photo credits: North Slope Borough Department of Wildlife Management, taken under NMFS permit # 17350-01.

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Table 1 in Chronic stress from fishing gear entanglement is recorded in baleen from a bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus)

<p><i>Table 1.</i> The mean (± SD), baseline (± SD), and maximum values for cortisol and corticosterone measured in baleen from a severely entangled bowhead whale (17B6) compared to healthy subadult (<i>n</i> = 3) and adult (<i>n</i> = 4) male bowhead whales. The mean and baseline values for 17B6 were calculated using data from the preentanglement period, and the values are identical because there were no outlier values (see Methods for details).</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>Cortisol (ng/g)</th><th></th><th>Corticosterone (ng/g)</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th></th><td>Mean</td><td>Baseline</td><td>Maximum</td><td>Mean</td><td>Baseline</td><td>Maximum</td></tr><tr><th>Entangled</th><td>0.15 ± 0.06</td><td>0.15 ± 0.06</td><td>3.23</td><td>0.53 ± 0.17</td><td>0.53 ± 0.17</td><td>1.14</td></tr><tr><th>Subadults</th><td>0.52 ± 0.24</td><td>0.49 ± 0.12</td><td>1.60</td><td>1.06 ± 0.57</td><td>1.02 ± 0.25</td><td>2.70</td></tr><tr><th>Adults</th><td>0.35 ± 0.09</td><td>0.32 ± 0.04</td><td>1.11</td><td>0.75 ± 0.22</td><td>0.74 ± 0.13</td><td>1.67</td></tr></tbody></table>

Figure 2 in Mitogenomics and the genetic differentiation of contemporary Balaena mysticetus (Cetacea) from Svalbard

Figure 2. Bayesian skyline plot illustrating the temporal changes in the genetic diversity of mitogenomes in Svalbard population bowhead whales. The top of the figure illustrates the time in years before present when using the 95% HPD interval of the estimated divergence time for the calculation of µ.

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On following pages: 2. North Pacific Right Whale (Eubalaena japonica); 3. Southern Right Whale (Eubalaena australis); 4. Bowhead Whale (Balaena mysticetus). in Balaenidae

On following pages: 2. North Pacific Right Whale (Eubalaena japonica); 3. Southern Right Whale (Eubalaena australis); 4. Bowhead Whale (Balaena mysticetus).

Figure 2 in Mitogenomics and the genetic differentiation of contemporary Balaena mysticetus (Cetacea) from Svalbard

Figure 1 in Mitogenomics and the genetic differentiation of contemporary Balaena mysticetus (Cetacea) from Svalbard

Figure 1. Haplotype network of complete mitogenomes of 20 contemporary Svalbard bowhead whales. Each circle represents a distinct haplotype (I–IX). Circle sizes reflect the number of specimens sharing a haplotype. Numbers and black dots indicate the number of variable sites between haplotypes. Samples A–I are taken from Nyhus et al. (2016).

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Figure 1 in Mitogenomics and the genetic differentiation of contemporary Balaena mysticetus (Cetacea) from Svalbard