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Code for Random Forest models that predict pharmaceutical and water chemistry measurements in Baltimore Ecosystem Study streams
This file contains code to model the relationship between the water chemistry measurements and discharge measured as part of BES routine sampling and the pharmaceuticals measured in WY 2018. We use Random Forest models to predict 1) total (i.e., summed) concentration of the pharmaceuticals for which we screened, 2) total nutrient concentrations (TN & TP), 3) whether or not the antibiotic trimethoprim was detected in a given sample, and 4) whether or not nitrate and TP were above or below environmentally-relevant threshold concentrations. We also use RF models to predict N and P concentrations over a longer period, in order to compare models for nutrients to pharma. Code and analyses here rely on data processed in the file "BESPharma_WY2018.Rmd", published on EDI (doi:10.6073/pasta/610cb67fcbc8982c2af8ed946dce8ea5) and BES water chemistry data published on EDI (doi:10.6073/pasta/ce7f30e6013e003bfe28c5fd7d4aed23 )
Baltimore forest patch point-sample overstory and understory vegetation, 2018-2020
Urban forest patches, including woodland interiors and bounding edge habitat, result from secondary succession and fragmentation of more extensive forested landscapes in the eastern USA. Management regimes, surrounding land use, and successional processes lead to distinct environments and contribute to local and regional heterogeneity. However, many woodlands are degraded due to frequent disturbance, aggressive exotic species, and heavy browsing, which stress canopies, reduce regeneration, and may reduce ecosystem services. Effective management requires rapid, repeatable assessment of forest composition, structure, and condition at the scale of local decision-making. We present and apply a protocol for characterizing urban woodlands that generates new insight into the status of urban woodlands and baseline data for change detection over time. Samples of overstory composition, ground cover, surface soil measurements, and the Schumacher Vine Encroachment Index were collected at 845 points across each of 47 patches across Baltimore, Maryland. Simple citywide summaries allowed characterization of Baltimore’s urban overstories as overwhelmingly native, though dominated by a range of successional conditions. By contrast, we found that ground layers were predominantly exotic, with abundant invasives or ruderal native species benefitting from disturbed conditions. Seven overstory types were distinguished, the majority under threat from aggressive vines. Most soils showed little evidence of compaction, but variable organic content. Distributed data allowed crosspatch comparison as well as within-patch analyses along edge-to-interior gradients. Species diversity, nativity, and overstory basal area all increased towards woodland interiors, whereas soil compaction and vine encroachment decreased. Structural and compositional shifts in both overstory and ground layer species revealed indicators of edge (15.2-18.7 m) and interior (> 41.5 m) conditions, as well as evidence of tran
Baltimore Ecosystem Study: Soil moisture and temperature along an urban to rural gradient, 2011 - present
Soil temperature and soil moisture have been measured at multiple locations in and around Baltimore Maryland to provide data on these variables in forests and lawns across an urban to rural gradient. In July 2011, we installed one Decagon Em50 Datalogger with five 5TM VWC/Temperature probes at four established forested, upslope, 20 x 20-m plots, two rural (ORU1, ORU2) and two urban (LEA1, LEA2), at 2 forested riparian sites at two transects along a stream (ORUR, ORLR), and two lawn plots on the campus of the University of Maryland Baltimore County campus (UMBC1, UMBC 2). Probes were buried horizontally at 10cm depth (except UMBC1 and UMBC2 where the five probes are mounted horizontally at a single location at depths of 50, 40, 30, 20 and 10 cm depth). At the upslope forested plots, the five probes are replicates. At the two riparian sites, probes are deployed in either "hummocks (drier, higher)" or in "hollows (lower, wetter)". Soil temperature and soil moisture were measured at hourly intervals on these plots beginning in July 2011. In March 2017, an additional data logger was installed at Hillsdale Park (HD1) in a forested urban area. The five probes at HD1 were buried horizontally at 10cm depth and are replicates. Earlier soil moisture data were collected monthly (1999-2011), and can be found in https://portal.edirepository.org/nis/mapbrowse?scope=knb-lter-bes&identifier=417
Baltimore Ecosystem Study: Soil solution chemistry data from long-term study plots
The Baltimore Ecosystem Study (BES) has established a network of long-term permanent biogeochemical study plots. These plots will provide long-term data on vegetation, soil and hydrologic processes in the key ecosystem types within the urban ecosystem. The current network of study plots includes eight forest plots, chosen to represent the range of forest conditions in the area, and four grass plots. These plots are complemented by a network of 200 less intensive study plots located across the Baltimore metropolitan area. Plots are currently instrumented with lysimeters (drainage and tension) to sample soil solution chemistry, time domain reflectometry probes to measure soil moisture, dataloggers to measure and record soil temperature and trace gas flux chambers to measure the flux of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane from soil to the atmosphere. Measurements of in situ nitrogen mineralization, nitrification and denitrification were made at approximately monthly intervals from Fall 1998 - Fall 2000. Detailed vegetation characterization (all layers) was done in summer 1998. Data from these plots has been published in Groffman et al. (2006, 2009) and Groffman and Pouyat (2009). In November of 1998 four rural, forested plots were established at Oregon Ridge Park in Baltimore County northeast of the Gwynns Falls Watershed. Oregon Ridge Park contains Pond Branch, the forested reference watershed for BES. Two of these four plots are located on the top of a slope; the other two are located midway up the slope. In June of 2010 measurements at the mid-slope sites on Pond Branch were discontinued. Monuments and equipment remain at the two plots. These plots were replaced with two lowland riparian plots; Oregon upper riparian and Oregon lower riparian. Each riparian sites has four 5 cm by 1-2.5 meter depth slotted wells laid perpendicular to the stream, four tension lysimeters at 10 cm depth, five time domain reflectometry probes, and four trace gas flux chambers in the
Baltimore Ecosystem Study: Long-Term Monitoring of Riparian Water Table Depth and Groundwater Chemistry
Long-term monitoring of riparian water tables and groundwater chemistry began in 2000 along four first or second order steams in and around the Gwynns Falls watershed in Baltimore City and County, MD. One site (Oregon Ridge) is in the completely forested Pond Branch catchment that serves as a ""reference"" study area for the Baltimore LTER (BES). Two sites (Glyndon, Gwynbrook) were in suburban areas of the watershed; one just upstream from the Glyndon BES long-term stream monitoring site in the headwaters of the Gwynns Falls, and one along a tributary that enters the Gwynns Falls just above the Gwynnbrook BES long-term stream monitoring site farther downstream. The final, urban site (Cahill) was along a tributary to the Gwynns Falls in Leakin Park in the urban core of the watershed. Water table data and more detailed descriptions of soils, vegetation, stream channel properties and microbial processes at these sites can be found in Groffman et al. (2002, Environmental Science and Technology 36:4547-4552) and Gift et al. (2010, Restoration Ecology 18:113-120).
Neighborhood Socioeconomic and demographic changes in Baltimore's (BES) Neighborhoods: 1930 to 2010
This dataset was created primarily to map and track socioeconomic and demographic variables from the US Census Bureau from year 1940 to year 2010, by decade, within the City of Baltimore's Mayor's Office of Information Technology (MOIT) year 2010 neighborhood boundaries. The socioeconomic and demographic variables include the percent White, percent African American, percent owner occupied homes, percent vacant homes, the percentage of age 25 and older people with a high school education or greater, and the percentage of age 25 and older people with a college education or greater. Percent White and percent African American are also provided for year 1930. Each of the the year 2010 neighborhood boundaries were also attributed with the 1937 Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) definition of neighborhoods via spatial overlay. HOLC rated neighborhoods as A, B, C, D or Undefined. HOLC categorized the perceived safety and risk of mortgage refinance lending in metropolitan areas using a hierarchical grading scale of A, B, C, and D. A and B areas were considered the safest areas for federal investment due to their newer housing as well as higher earning and racially homogenous households. In contrast, C and D graded areas were viewed to be in a state of inevitable decline, depreciation, and decay, and thus risky for federal investment, due to their older housing stock and racial and ethnic composition. This policy was inherently a racist practice. Places were graded based on who lived there; poor areas with people of color were labeled as lower and less-than. HOLC's 1937 neighborhoods do not cover the entire extent of the year 2010 neighborhood boundaries. The neighborhood boundaries were also augmented to include which of the year 2017 Housing Market Typology (HMT) the 2010 neighborhoods fall within. Finally, the neighborhood boundaries were also augmented to include tree canopy and tree canopy change year 2007 to year 2015.
A Land-use/Land Cover Classification of Baltimore City in 1953
Land-use and land cover classifications are typically created using automated methods to analyze modern, spatially explicit color aerial imagery. However, creating classifications from black and white historical aerial imagery presents a number of challenges that require a combination of more traditional, manual techniques and approaches. A georectified mosaic of 113 aerial images was digitized in ArcGIS to create a land-use/land cover classification. The analyzed area covered 700 km2 (270 mi2) including all of Baltimore City, and a portion of Baltimore County immediately surrounding the city. A combination of 8 land-use and land cover classes were used: Agriculture, Barren, Built (Other), Forest, Grass/Shrubland, Industrial, Residential, and Water. This geospatial data set captures an ecologically and socially important moment in the post-war history of the city. It can be used to examine relationships between property ownership and forest patch dynamics across time. These insights may help inform future environmental planning, conservation, management, and stewardship goals for Baltimore City forest patches, and other cities throughout the region.
Baltimore Ecosystem Study: Increased diversity of the regional species pool via seeding augments establishment of native species in experimental vacant lot restorations
The harsh geophysical template characterized by the urban environment combined with people’s choices has led ecologists to invoke environmental filtering as the main ecological phenomena explaining urban biodiversity patterns. Yet, dispersal is often overlooked as a driving factor, especially on expanding vacant land. Does overcoming dispersal limitation by seeding native species in urban environments and increasing the functional or phylogenetic diversity of the seeding pool increase native plant species diversity and abundance in urban vacant land? We took an experimental approach to learn how different dimensions of plant biodiversity within an augmented regional species pool, via seed additions, can explain variation in community structure over a 3-year period. Vacant lots were cleared and manipulated with seeding treatments of high or low phylogenetic and functional diversities from a pool of 28 native species. Establishment success, total native cover and native species richness were followed and compared to cleared, unseeded control lots as well as un-manipulated lots. Seeding increased native plant abundance and richness over uncleared plots, as well as cleared and unseeded control plots. Phylogenetically diverse seed mixtures had greater establishment success than mixtures composed of closely related species. Diversifying seed mixtures increased the likelihood of including species that are better able to establish on vacant land. However, there were no differences in varying levels of either functional or phylogenetic diversity. Augmenting the regional species pool via diverse seed mixtures can enhance native plant cover and richness under the harsh environmental conditions conferred by land abandonment.
Seasonal N dynamics and fluxes of nitrogen in leachate and runoff from experimental rainfalls on fertilized and unfertilized lawns in Baltimore County, Maryland
The aim of this research was to examine the spatial and temporal variation in export control points of nitrogen on residential lawns (locations prone to mobilizing nitrogen during a rain event) and to examine if previously measured hydrobiogeochemical properties were predictive of N mobilization in lawns. This data set contains measurements of saturated infiltration rates, sorptivity, soil moisture, soil organic matter, bulk density, pH, soil nitrate, soil ammonium, N2O, N2 and CO2 fluxes from soil cores, nitrogen mineralization rates and fluxes of N in runoff and leachate from fertilized and unfertilized residential and institutional lawns. Study lawns were located at homes of people who agreed to volunteer their lawn for the study from a door knocking campaign. Four sampling houses were located in an exurban neighborhood in Baisman Run. Five sampling houses were located in a suburban neighborhood in Dead Run. Two sampling locations on institutional lawns were located at University of Maryland Baltimore County. At the exurban study houses and institutional lawns sites, we identified one hillslope to conduct sampling on. At the Dead Run houses we identified one hillslope on the front yard and one in the backyard as there were distinct locations that were not present in the exurban neighborhood. Locations within the yards for sampling were selected based on sampling conducted in October 2017. Locations were grouped into four categories based on have either high or low potential denitrification rates and high or low saturated infiltration rates (n=48). These locations were also distributed across yard types (exurban, suburban or institutional), fertilizer treatments, and hillslope location (top or bottom of hillslope). At each sampling location we ran a Cornell Sprinkle Infiltrometer to generate an experimental rainfall during which we collected runoff and leachate to quantity N flux. We also measure sorptivity and saturated infiltration rates. Volumetric water conten
Baltimore Ecosystem Study: Physical, chemical and biological properties of forest and home lawn soils
Abstract: One-meter soil cores were taken to evaluate soil texture, bulk density, carbon and nitrogen pools, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen content, microbial respiration, potential net nitrogen mineralization, potential net nitrification and inorganic nitrogen pools in 32 residential home lawns that differed by previous land use and age, but had similar soil types. These were compared to soils from 8 forested reference sites. Purpose: Soil cores were obtained from residential and forest sites in the Baltimore, MD USA metropolitan area. The residential sites were mostly within the Gwynns Falls Watershed (-76.012008W, -77.314183E, 39.724847N, 38.708367S and approximately 17 km2) Lawns on residential sites were dominated by a variety of cool season turfgrasses. Forest soil cores were taken from permanent forest plots of the Baltimore Ecosystem Study (BES) LTER (Groffman et al. 2006). These remnant forests are over 100 years old with soils that were comparable in type and texture to those underlying the residential study sites. Soils from all sites were from the Manor series (coarse-loamy, micaceous, mesic Typic Dystrudepts), which are well-drained upland soils with loamy textures and bedrock at 5 to 10 feet below the soil surface. To aid the site selection process we used neighborhoods in the Baltimore City metropolitan area that have been mapped using HERCULES, a high resolution land cover classification system designed to assist in the study of human-ecological systems (Cadenasso et al. 2007). Using HERCULES and additional data sources, we identified residential sites that were similar except for single factors that we hypothesized to be important predictors of ecosystem dynamics. These factors included land use history (agriculture and forest, n = 10 and n = 22), housing density (low and medium/high, n = 9 and n = 23), and housing age (4 to 58 yrs old, n = 32). Housing age was acquired from the Maryland Property View database. Prior land use was determined b
Baltimore Ecosystem Study: Soil atmosphere fluxes of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane, 1998 - ongoing
The Baltimore Ecosystem Study (BES) established a network of long-term permanent biogeochemical study plots in 1998. These plots provide long-term data on vegetation, soil and hydrologic processes in the key ecosystem types within the urban ecosystem. The network of study plots includes forest plots (upland and riparian), chosen to represent the range of forest conditions in the area and grass plots (to represent home lawns). Plots are instrumented with lysimeters (drainage and tension) to sample soil solution chemistry, time domain reflectometry probes to measure soil moisture, dataloggers to measure and record soil temperature, and trace gas flux chambers to measure the flux of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane from soil to the atmosphere. Measurements of in situ nitrogen mineralization, nitrification and denitrification were made at approximately monthly intervals from Fall 1998 - Fall 2000. Detailed vegetation characterization (all layers) was done in summer 1998 and 2015. Data from these plots has been published in Groffman et al. (2006, 2009), Groffman and Pouyat (2009), Savva et al. (2010), Costa and Groffman (2013), Duncan et al. (2013), Waters et al. (2014), Ni and Groffman (2018), Templeton et al. (2019). Literature Cited Costa, K.H. and P.M. Groffman. 2013. Factors regulating net methane flux in urban forests and grasslands. Soil Science Society of America Journal 77:850 - 855. Duncan, J. M., L. E. Band, and P. M. Groffman. 2013. Towards closing the watershed nitrogen budget: Spatial and temporal scaling of denitrification. Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences 118:1-5; DOI: 10.1002/jgrg.20090 Groffman PM, Pouyat RV, Cadenasso ML, Zipperer WC, Szlavecz K, Yesilonis IC,. Band LE and Brush GS. 2006. Land use context and natural soil controls on plant community composition and soil nitrogen and carbon dynamics in urban and rural forests. Forest Ecology and Management 236:177-192. Groffman, P.M., C.O. Williams, R.V. Pouyat, L.E. Band and I.C.
Baltimore Ecosystem Study: Stream chemistry for core sites in Gwynns Falls, 1998- ongoing
In the Baltimore urban long-term ecological research (LTER) project, (Baltimore Ecosystem Study, BES) we use the watershed approach to evaluate integrated ecosystem function. The LTER research is centered on the Gwynns Falls watershed, a 17,150 ha catchment that traverses a gradient from the urban core of Baltimore, through older urban residential (1900 - 1950) and suburban (1950- 1980) zones, rapidly suburbanizing areas and a rural/suburban fringe. Our long-term sampling network includes four longitudinal sampling sites along the Gwynns Falls as well as several small (40 - 100 ha) watersheds located within or near to the Gwynns Falls. The longitudinal sites provide data on water and nutrient fluxes in the different land use zones of the watershed (rural/suburban, rapidly suburbanizing, old suburban, urban core) and the small watersheds provide more focused data on specific land use areas (forest, agriculture, rural/suburban, urban). Each of the gaging sites is continuously monitored for discharge and is sampled weekly for chemistry. Additional chemical sampling is carried out in a supplemental set of sites to provide a greater range of land use. Weekly analyses includes nitrate, phosphate, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chloride and sulfate, turbidity, fecal coliforms, temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH. Cations, dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen and metals are measured on selected samples. Streamflow data for this site are posted at: http://waterdata.usgs.gov/md/nwis/nwisman?site_no=015835701
3D Archaeological Greek Pottery: MHNC-UP-020058, Apulian red-figure lekanis, Circle of the Patera and the Baltimore Painter
<p><strong>This 3D dataset is related to the publication</strong>:</p> <ul> <li>Moitinho de Almeida, V. (2022). "<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353038967_Contributions_of_3D_digital_methods_and_techniques_to_the_study_of_ancient_pottery">Contributions of 3D digital methods and techniques to the study of ancient pottery</a>". In <em>Myths, Gods, and Heroes. Greek vase collections in Portugal / Mitos, Deuses e Heróis. As coleções de vasos gregos em Portugal</em>. R. Morais, R. Centeno, D. Ferreira (eds.). Câmara Municipal de Santa Maria da Feira - Museu Convento dos Lóios; Reitoria da Universidade do Porto; Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto; Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra. Pp.269-291. (ISBN: 978-989-8183-25-5)</li> </ul> <p>3D processed dataset for object MHNC-UP-020058 (two parts: lid and vessel) in the Museu de História Natural e da Ciência da Universidade do Porto (MHNC-UP), Portugal. <strong>CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license</strong>.</p> <p>MHNC-UP-020058 is an Apulian red-figure <em>lekanis, </em>Circle of the Patera and the Baltimore Painter, dating from c. 330 BCE and unknown provenance (Rocha Pereira & Morais, 2007; Morais, 2019; Morais et al., 2021).</p> <p><strong>Aims</strong>: 3D digital documentation; morphological characterization; technological and functional analysis of archaeological Greek pottery.</p> <p><strong>Data acquisition</strong>: at the MHNC-UP, with a portable non-contact structured white light scanner, Breukmann smartSCAN3D-HE, equipped with stereo colour cameras at 250 mm FOV. Additional metadata included in associated spreadsheet.<br><strong>Data processing</strong>: 44 (lid) + 41 (vessel) scans aligned and merged in 2 separate parts (a, b). MHNC-UP-020058_3D01.ply: non-manifold edges, self-intersections, small components, and small tunnels in the mesh automatically fixed, noise data removed; orientation and position normalised. MHNC-UP-020058_3D01-holesFilled.ply: holes filled for calculation of material density, filling volume, and centre of mass. Additional metadata included in associated spreadsheet.</p> <p>Access to the MHNC-UP-020058 was granted by the MHNC-UP.</p> <p>When citing this material: please include the original inventory ID (MHNC-UP-020058) reference to the physical object.</p>
JHU Baltimore iButton data
<p>Temperature and Relative Humidity data from a low cost sensor ("iButton") network deployed in Baltimore in summer 2015, 2016, 2017, 2021, and 2022.</p> <p>Initial deployment described in Scott, A., Zaitchik, B., Waugh, D., O'Meara, K. 2017. Intra-Urban temperature variability in Baltimore. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 56(1): 159-171. doi: 10.1175/JAMC-D-16-0232.1</p> <p> </p>
Experiment replication - Plattes 1639 (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA, 02/28/2023 - 03/01/2023)
<p>Replication in laboratory of an experiment reported by Gabriel Plattes, <em>A Discovery of Subterraneall Treasure</em> (1639):</p> <p>“Now for a plaine demonstration [of how mineral ores are generated], let this experiment following be tryed, and I make no question, but that it will satisfie every one that hath an inquisitive disposition. Let there bee had a great retort of glasse, and let the same be halfe filled with brimstone, sea-coale, and as many bituminous and sulphurious subterraneall substances as can bee gotten: then fill the necke thereof halfe full with the most free earth from stones that can be found, but thrust it not in too hard, then let it bee luted, and set in an open furnace to distill with a temperate fire, which may onely kindle the said substances, and if you worke exquisitely, you shall finde the said earth petrified, and turned into a stone: you shall also finde cracks and chinkes in it, filled with the most tenacious, clammy, and viscous parts of the said vapours, which ascended from the subterraneall combustible substances. Wereby it appeareth that the same thing is done by Nature, and that the rocks and craggy mountaines are caused by the vapours of bituminous and sulphurious substances kindled in the bowells of the earth, of which there bee divers so well knowne, that they neede not bee heere mentioned [...]” (pp. 5-7). This experiment is also mentioned in Emerton 1984, p. 249. See also Debus 1961.</p> <p>“Take a peece of the blacke fat earth, which is usually digged up in the west countrey, where there are such a multitude of firre trees covered therewith, and which the people use to cut in the forme of bricks, and to drye them, & so to burne them in stead of coales; use this substance as you did the other earth in the beginning of the booke, to find out the natural cause of rocks, stones, and mettalls, and let it receive the vapours of the cumbustible substances, and you shall find this fat earth hardned into a plaine coale; even as you found the other leane earth hardned into a stone” (p. 50).</p>
Experiment replication - Plattes 1639 (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA, 6/15/2022)
<p>Replication in laboratory of an experiment reported by Gabriel Plattes, <em>A Discovery of Subterraneall Treasure</em> (1639):</p> <p>“Now for a plaine demonstration [of how mineral ores are generated], let this experiment following be tryed, and I make no question, but that it will satisfie every one that hath an inquisitive disposition. Let there bee had a great retort of glasse, and let the same be halfe filled with brimstone, sea-coale, and as many bituminous and sulphurious subterraneall substances as can bee gotten: then fill the necke thereof halfe full with the most free earth from stones that can be found, but thrust it not in too hard, then let it bee luted, and set in an open furnace to distill with a temperate fire, which may onely kindle the said substances, and if you worke exquisitely, you shall finde the said earth petrified, and turned into a stone: you shall also finde cracks and chinkes in it, filled with the most tenacious, clammy, and viscous parts of the said vapours, which ascended from the subterraneall combustible substances. Wereby it appeareth that the same thing is done by Nature, and that the rocks and craggy mountaines are caused by the vapours of bituminous and sulphurious substances kindled in the bowells of the earth, of which there bee divers so well knowne, that they neede not bee heere mentioned [...]” (pp. 5-7). This experiment is also mentioned in Emerton 1984, p. 249. See also Debus 1961.</p> <p>“Take a peece of the blacke fat earth, which is usually digged up in the west countrey, where there are such a multitude of firre trees covered therewith, and which the people use to cut in the forme of bricks, and to drye them, & so to burne them in stead of coales; use this substance as you did the other earth in the beginning of the booke, to find out the natural cause of rocks, stones, and mettalls, and let it receive the vapours of the cumbustible substances, and you shall find this fat earth hardned into a plaine coale; even as you found the other leane earth hardned into a stone” (p. 50).</p>
Baltimore Ecosystem Study: Denitrification potential in riparian zones and streams
Denitrification potential and a series of ancillary variables (inorganic nitrogen concentrations, moisture content, organic matter content, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen content, potential net nitrogen mineralization and nitrification, microbial respiration, root biomass) has been measured in riparian zone soils and stream geomorphic features by a series of undergraduate and graduate student researchers as part of the Baltimore Ecosystem Study since the early 2000s. These studies often center on the series of sites where there has been long-term monitoring (since 2000) of riparian water tables and groundwater chemistry along four first or second order steams in and around the Gwynns Falls watershed in Baltimore City and County, MD (https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/f7721ec5a4fab5b031f8056824e07e7d). One site is in the completely forested Pond Branch catchment that serves as a "reference" study area for the Baltimore LTER (BES). Two sites (Glyndon, Gwynbrook) are in suburban areas of the watershed; one just upstream from the Glyndon BES long-term stream monitoring site in the headwaters of the Gwynns Falls, and one along a tributary that enters the Gwynns Falls just above the Gwynnbrook BES long-term stream monitoring site farther downstream. The final, urban site (Cahill) is along a tributary to the Gwynns Falls in Leakin Park in the urban core of the watershed. Other sites were used in different studies as described in the publications associated with each study. The different studies also varied in just which ancillary variables were measured.
Baltimore Ecosystem Study: Stream metabolism data for core sites in Gwynns Falls
An ongoing component of the Baltimore urban long-term ecological research (LTER) project (Baltimore Ecosystem Study, BES) is the use of the watershed approach and monitoring of stream water quality to evaluate the integrated ecosystem functioning of Baltimore. The LTER research has focused on the Gwynns Falls watershed, which spans a gradient from highly urban, urban-residential, and suburban zones. In addition, a forested watershed serves as a reference. The long-term sampling network includes four longitudinal sampling sites along the Gwynns Falls mainstem, as well as several small (40-100 ha) watershed within or near the Gwynns Falls, providing data on water quality in different land use zones of the watersheds. Each study site is continuously monitored for discharge and is sampled weekly for water chemistry. Those data are available elsewhere on the BES website. We are interested in studying the bioreactivity of streams in our watersheds in an attempt to quantify how streams themselves may affect or be affected by water quality. To assess the bioreactivity of streams, we measure whole stream metabolism, which is an integrative metric which quantifies the production and consumption of energy by a stream ecosystem. Stream metabolism represents how energy is created (primary production) and used (respiration) within a stream; it can be thought of as a stream breathing, with primary production being similar to an inhale, and respiration as an exhale. We are monitoring stream metabolism in each of our long-term water quality monitoring stations by deploying sensors that record dissolve oxygen and temperature of the stream every five minutes, and we also have deployed light sensors to record irradiance every five minutes at long-term BES water chemistry streams, which is needed for metabolism modeling. In addition, each dissolved oxygen sensor is located near a USGS gage which estimates discharge every 15 minutes. We used USGS manual discharge estimations linked with
Baltimore Ecosystem Study: Stream biofilm bacterial community composition
The Baltimore Ecosystem Study stream biofilm bacterial community composition was obtained from 8 long-term sampling network sites in and near the Gwynns Falls watershed to examine how bacterial communities differ along an urban-rural gradient. Sampling was conducted at the same time as stream chemistry sampling on 18 June 2014 and 21 Oct 2014. Note: biofilm samples were taken about 50 meters east from the Carroll Park monitoring station, just under the I95 highway overpass, due to high water depth, high water flow, and lack of rock substrates for sampling. This dataset presents the number of sequences matching the taxonomic classifications in a reference database of 16S rRNA genes. See the full metadata record for detailed methods.
Baltimore Ecosystem Study: Riparian vegetation data - 1 of 11 - 1999 and 2004 trees
This is one of 11 datasets generated in a study of riparian vegetation in the Baltimore Ecosystem Study from 1999-2004. Comparisons of vegetation between the rural/suburban (upper) and urban (lower) sections of the watershed show distinct patterns across an urban to rural gradient. In the lower, more urban section of the watershed, wetland tree species are either absent or occur as small stems while upland species are abundant, in mixed sizes. A comparison of the number of wetland and upland species in the mostly urbanized Gwynns Falls riparian zone with non-urbanized Piedmont floodplains throughout Maryland shows approximately twice as many upland species in the urban floodplain than in non-urbanized floodplains. The majority of shrubs in riparian zones through the Gwynns Falls are upland species. For herbaceous species, frequencies of upland and wetland species are about equal in the upper and middle regions of the watershed, but upland species are more common in the more urban lower floodplains by a factor of greater than two.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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