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30 results for “Banksia”
Plant life history data as evidence of an historical mixed-severity fire regime in Banksia woodlands
<p><i><strong>Context:</strong></i> The concept of the fire regime serves as an agreed upon template by which to inform understanding and management of fire-prone ecosystems globally. While observations from satellite imagery or palaeoecological proxy data can provide direct evidence of past fire regimes, they may be limited in temporal and/or spatial scale and are not available for all ecosystems. However, fire-related plant trait and demographic data offers an alternative approach to understand species-fire regime associations at the ecosystem scale. </p><p><i><strong>Aims:</strong></i> We aimed to quantify the life history strategies and associated fire regimes for six co-occurring shrub and tree species from fire-prone, Mediterranean climate Banksia woodlands in southwestern Australia. </p><p><i><strong>Methods:</strong></i> We collected static demographic data on size structure, seedling recruitment, and plant mortality across sites of varying time since last fire. We combined demographic data with key fire-related species traits to define plant life history strategies. We then compared observed life histories with <i>a priori</i> expectations for surface, stand-replacing, and mixed-severity fire regime types to infer historical fire regime associations.</p><p><i><strong>Key results:</strong></i> Fire-killed shrubs and weakly serotinous trees had abundant post-fire seedling recruitment, but also developed multi-cohort populations during fire-free periods via inter-fire seedling recruitment. Resprouting shrubs had little seedling recruitment at any time, even following fire, and showed no signs of decline in the long absence of fire likely due to their very long lifespans. </p><p><i><strong>Conclusions:</strong></i> The variation in life history strategies for these six co-occurring species is consistent with known ecological strategies to cope with high variation in fire intervals in a mixed-severity fire regime. While resprouting and strong post-fire seedling recruitment indicate a tolerance of frequent fire, inter-fire recruitment and weak serotiny is interpreted as a bet-hedging strategy to cope with occasional long fire-free periods that may otherwise exceed adult and seed bank lifespans. </p><p><i><strong>Implications:</strong></i> Our findings suggest that Banksia woodlands have evolved with highly variable fire intervals in a mixed-severity fire regime. Further investigations of species adaptations to varying fire size and patchiness can help extend our understanding of fire regime tolerances.</p>
Vegetation structure and fuel dynamics in fire-prone, Mediterranean-type Banksia woodlands
<p>Increasing extreme wildfire occurrence globally is boosting demand to understand the fuel dynamics and fire risk of fire-prone areas. This is particularly pressing in fire-prone, Mediterranean climate-type vegetation, such as the Banksia woodlands surrounding metropolitan Perth, southwestern Australia. Despite an extensive wildland-urban interface and frequent fire occurrence, fuel accumulation and the spatial variation in fuel risk is not well quantified across the broad extent of this ecosystem. Using a space for time sampling approach to generate a chronosequence of time since fire, we selected sites that spanned across two distinct sandy soil types (Spearwood and Bassendean sands) and a rainfall gradient (550 to 750 mm north–south). We examined 82 sites in Banksia woodlands, southwestern Australia. Of the 82 sites, 44 burnt during the measurement period (2016 to 2021), which provided the opportunity for fuel measurements following fire (resulting in total N = 126). We wanted to answer two key questions: 1) How do measures of fuel load (mass) and arrangement (structure and continuity) vary across space and time, particularly with respect to time since the last fire? 2) How do biophysical drivers, such as soil type and rainfall, influence fuel accumulation and arrangement, and do these covariates improve litter fuel modelling beyond traditional asymptotic models? We found that fine surface fuel loads (litter and small twigs) differed between sand types, accumulating faster and reaching a higher peak on Spearwood sands (7–9 Mg ha−1) compared to Bassendean sands (6–7 Mg ha−1). Shrub layer fuel loads also accumulated faster on Spearwood sands than on Bassendean sands. While shrub layer fuels on Spearwood sands peaked at 14 years and declined thereafter, those on Bassendean sand did not decline over time but have lower overall connectivity. Total fine fuels (fine surface plus fine shrub layer fuels) had no significant decline over the same time period, on either sand type. Total fine fuel loads reached a peak of 9–10 Mg ha−1 between 13- and 20-years following fire, depending on the underlying sand type. Our quantitative fuel accumulation models confirmed the strength of time since fire as a predictor of hazard, but nonetheless included up to 40% unexplained variance. Importantly, while components fluctuated over time, the combined total of fine fuels did not decline with the long absence of fire, suggesting fire risk does not necessarily decrease in long unburned vegetation.</p>
Vegetation structure and fuel dynamics in fire-prone, Mediterranean-type Banksia woodlands
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MetaSqueeze: A spatially-explicit metapopulation model for Banksia hookeriana in south-west Australia
<p>Climate change, with warming and drying weather conditions, is reducing the growth, seed production, and survival of fire-adapted plants in fire-prone regions such as Mediterranean-type ecosystems. These effects of climate change on local plant demographics have recently been shown to reduce the persistence time of local populations of the fire-killed shrub <em>Banksia hookeriana</em> dramatically. In principle, extinctions of local populations may be partly compensated by recolonization events through long-distance dispersal mechanisms of seeds, such as post-fire wind and bird-mediated dispersal, facilitating persistence in spatially structured metapopulations. However, to what degree and under which assumptions metapopulation dynamics might compensate for the drastically increased local extinction risk remains to be explored. Given the long timespans involved and the complexity of interwoven local and regional processes, mechanistic, process-based models are one of the most suitable approaches to systematically explore the potential role of metapopulation dynamics and its underlying ecological assumptions for fire-prone ecosystems. Here we extend a recent mechanistic, process-based, spatially implicit population model for the well-studied fire-killed and serotinous shrub species <em>B</em><em>.</em><em> hookeriana</em> to a spatially explicit metapopulation model. We systematically tested the effects of different ecological processes and assumptions on metapopulation dynamics under past (1988–2002) and current (2003–2017) climatic conditions, including (i) effects of different spatiotemporal fires, (ii) effects of (likely) reduced intraspecific plant competition under current conditions, and (iii) effects of variation in plant performance among and within patches. In general, metapopulation dynamics had the potential to increase the overall regional persistence of <em>B</em><em>.</em><em> hookeriana</em>. However, increased population persistence only occurred under specific optimistic assumptions. In both climate scenarios, the highest persistence occurred with larger fires and intermediate to long inter-fire intervals. The assumption of lower intraspecific plant competition caused by lower densities under current conditions alone was not sufficient to increase persistence significantly. To achieve long-term persistence (defined as > 400 years) it was necessary to additionally consider empirically observed variation in plant performance among and within patches, i.e., improved habitat quality in some large habitat patches (≥ seven) that could function as source patches and a higher survival rate and seed production for a subset of plants, specifically the top 25% of flower producers based on current climate conditions monitoring data. Our model results demonstrate that the impacts of ongoing climate change on plant demographics are so severe that even under optimistic assumptions, the existing metapopulation dynamics shift to an unstable source-sink dynamic state. Based on our findings, we recommend increased research efforts to understand the consequences of intraspecific trait variation on plant demographics, emphasizing the variation of individual traits both among and within populations. From a conservation perspective, we encourage fire and land managers to revise their prescribed fire plans, which are typically short interval, small fires, as they conflict with the ecologically appropriate spatio-temporal fire regime for <em>B. hookeriana</em>, and likely as well for many other fire-killed species.</p>
MetaSqueeze: A spatially-explicit metapopulation model for Banksia hookeriana in south-west Australia
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Data from: Evolution of a hotspot genus: geographic variation in speciation and extinction rates in Banksia (Proteaceae)
Background: Hotspots of angiosperm species richness and endemism in Mediterranean-climate regions are among the most striking, but least well-understood, geographic patterns of biodiversity. Recent studies have emphasized the importance of rapid diversification within hotspots, compared to non-hotspot regions, as a major contributor to these patterns. We constructed the first near-complete phylogeny of Banksia (Proteaceae) to test whether diversification rates have differed between lineages confined to the southwest Australian hotspot and those found throughout southern, eastern and northern Australia. We then tested for variation in diversification rates among the bioclimatic zones within the southwest hotspot itself. Results: Although Banksia species richness in the southwest is ten times that of the rest of the continent, we find little evidence for more rapid diversification in the southwest, although this result is inconclusive. However, we find firmer support for substantial rate variation within the southwest hotspot, with more rapid diversification in the semi-arid heaths and shrublands, compared to the high-rainfall forests. Most of the Banksia diversity of the southwest appears to be generated in the heaths and shrublands, with a high migration rate out of this zone boosting diversity of the adjacent forest zone. Conclusions: The geographic pattern of diversification in Banksia appears more complex than can be characterized by a simple hotspot vs. non-hotspot comparison, but in general, these findings contrast with the view that the high diversity of Mediterranean hotspots is underpinned by rapid radiations. Steady accumulation of species at unexceptional rates, but over long periods of time, may also have contributed substantially to the great botanical richness of these regions.
Data from: Evaluating the influence of different aspects of habitat fragmentation on mating patterns and pollen dispersal in the bird-pollinated Banksia sphaerocarpa var. caesia
Habitat fragmentation can significantly affect mating and pollen dispersal patterns in plant populations, although the differential effects of the various aspects of fragmentation are poorly understood. In this study we used paternity assignment with eight microsatellite loci to investigate the effect of fragmentation on the mating system and pollen dispersal within one large and eight small population remnants of Banksia sphaerocarpa var. caesia, a bird-pollinated shrub in the southern agricultural region of Western Australia. The large population had a much larger neighbourhood size and lower selfing rate, maternal pollen pool differentiation and within-plot mean pollen dispersal distance than the small populations. Outcrossing was consistently high and ranged from 89% ± 0.8 to 98.5% ± 0.3, and mating patterns suggested nearest-neighbour pollination. Pollen immigration into small populations ranged from 6% ± 0.6 to 15% ± 0.6. Using the small populations, we tested for correlations between various fragmentation variables and mating system and pollen dispersal parameters. We found significant positive linear relationships between population size and number of different fathers per seed crop and between population shape and pollen pool differentiation. There were significant negative linear relationships between population isolation and outcrossing rate; population shape and neighbourhood size; and conspecific density and mean pollen dispersal distance. Our results suggest that birds may use a series of fragmented populations as a vegetation corridor while foraging across the landscape and that population connectivity is a critical determinant of pollinator visitation. Our results also suggest that the effect of a linear population shape on the mating system and pollen dispersal is routinely underestimated.
Long inter-fire intervals do not guarantee a large seed bank in a serotinous shrub (Banksia spinulosa Sm.)
<p>1. It is often assumed that long-lived woody perennials with canopy-stored seed banks steadily accumulate seeds over time since fire. Trends in flowering and fruiting have usually been inferred from synchronic studies of sites of different post-fire ages or counting stored seeds in apparent age classes, and mostly in obligate-seeder species. Long-term longitudinal studies on a broader range of species are needed to fully understand the dynamics of flower and fruit production and accumulation of viable seeds. Key questions are: What is the annual trend in flowering and cone production? Is this matched by accumulation of cones and seeds? How is seed germinability related to cone age at time of a fire?</p> <p>2. We counted inflorescences and tagged cones produced annually by the resprouting shrub <i>Banksia spinulosa</i> in 315 plants over 13 years at one site and in 46 plants over 20 years at another. At the end of the study, we harvested all accumulated cones, burned them and assessed seed viability using germination trials.</p> <p>3. We detected enormous inter-plant variation in reproductive effort and output. 50% of inflorescences were produced by only 10-15% of plants. There was potential for accumulation of massive seed banks. However, (i) only 8-10% of inflorescences became cones; (ii) only 44-50 % of these were retained until harvest; (iii) many retained cones suffered seed predation; and (iv) viability of retained seeds declined with cone age. The result of these processes meant that the accumulated seed bank was only 2 to 4 seeds per plant, 82% to 94% of the viable seeds had been produced in 6 years prior to harvest, and only 12% to 26% of plants contributed to this viable seed bank.</p> <p>4. Synthesis: Cone and seed losses and declining seed viability in <i>Banksia spinulosa</i> mean that almost all viable seeds come from the past few years of flowering even though apparently intact cones may be retained for decades. If this is typical for resprouting serotinous shrubs, it is important to understand trends in flowering and fruit set over time because the magnitude of recruitment will depend on fecundity in the few years prior to a fire.</p>
Data from: Population density and size influence pollen dispersal pattern and mating system of the predominantly outcrossed Banksia nivea (Proteaceae) in a threatened ecological community
Gene flow is a critical component of plant mating systems and influences population fitness, yet pollen dispersal can be highly variable and influenced by natural and anthropogenic fragmentation. Gene flow through pollen dispersal was investigated in two populations of contrasting size and habitat context in Banksia nivea ssp. uliginosa, a rare species in the Busselton ironstone threatened ecological community with a naturally fragmented distribution. Paternity analysis was conducted with seven microsatellite loci to determine mating system parameters and patterns of pollen dispersal. Outcrossing was high in both populations with a similar level of selfing for both populations despite differences in population size, density and vegetation matrix. Most mating occurred within 10 m of a mother plant in the small, clumped population, while more dispersed mating, up to 50 m from a mother plant, was recorded in the large, less dense population. Our results show that population density and size are important influences on mating system parameters and level of pollen dispersal.
Observational foraging behaviour of avian pollinators in restored and remnant Banksia woodlands
<p>Pollinators, and the pollination services they provide, are critical for seed set and self-sustainability of most flowering plants. Despite this, pollinators are rarely assessed in restored plant communities, where their services are largely assumed to re-establish. This data set contains the bird-pollinator richness, foraging and bird interaction behaviour between natural and restored Banksia woodland sites in Western Australia. These parameters were measured for natural communities of varying size and degree of fragmentation, and restored plant communities of high and low complexity for three years, in the summer and winter flowering of <i>Banksia attenuata</i> and <i>B. menziesii</i>, respectively. Data collected was used to assess the re-establishment of avian pollinators in restored sites.</p>
A turn in species conservation for hairpin banksias: Demonstration of oversplitting leads to a better management of diversity
<p>We generated SNP genotype data and chloroplast genomic data to test the current taxonomy and infer a population-scale evolutionary scenario for the Hairpin Banksias (<em>B. collina, B. cunninghamii, B. neoanglica, B. spinulosa </em>and <em>B. vincentia</em>) and outgroups using a sample-set comprehensive in its representation of morphological diversity and a two-and-a-half thousand kilometer distribution. Here, we provide an archive of these SNP genotype and chloroplast sequence alignment data.</p>
FIGURE 3 in Could this be Australia's rarest Banksia? Banksia vincentia (Proteaceae), a new species known from fourteen plants from south-eastern New South Wales, Australia
FIGURE 3. Abaxial surface of common bracts in the Banksia spinulosa complex. A. B. neoanglica (M.L. Stimpson 98); B. B. cunninghamii (M.L. Stimpson 122); C. B. collina (M.L. Stimpson 25A); D. B. spinulosa (M.L. Stimpson 120); E. B. sp. Jervis Bay (M.L. Stimpson 47A, NE). F. B. sp. Jervis Bay (S. Harris s.n., NE 99429) adaxial surface of common bract and floral bract. Scale bar A–E and F = 1 mm.
FIGURE 6 in Could this be Australia's rarest Banksia? Banksia vincentia (Proteaceae), a new species known from fourteen plants from south-eastern New South Wales, Australia
FIGURE 6. Banksia vincentia in its natural habitat. A. Habitat and habit of B. vincentia with MLS; B. Branch with developing conflorescence; perianth yellow; C. plant with developing conflorescences; perianth orange, styles turning red; D. Developing conflorescence: perianth yellow, styles turning purple–black; E. Lignotuber and spreading base of branches; F. Signs of herbivory on green leaves and terminal bud. Photos by G. Dryden, S. Harris, M.L. Stimpson and A. Bauman.
FIGURE. 4 in Could this be Australia's rarest Banksia? Banksia vincentia (Proteaceae), a new species known from fourteen plants from south-eastern New South Wales, Australia
FIGURE. 4. Representative adaxial and abaxial leaf surface of all known putative taxa in the B. spinulosa complex. A. Adaxial leaf surface. B. Abaxial leaf surface. From left to right in both images B. sp. Jervis Bay (M.L. Stimpson 124); B. neoanglica (M.L. Stimpson 28b); B. spinulosa (M.L. Stimpson 120); B. cunninghamii (M.L. Stimpson 117); B. collina (M.L. Stimpson 60c). Scale bar =5 mm.
FIGURE 2 in Could this be Australia's rarest Banksia? Banksia vincentia (Proteaceae), a new species known from fourteen plants from south-eastern New South Wales, Australia
FIGURE 2. Phenograms resulting from flexible UPGMA cluster analysis of individuals of the Banksia spinulosa complex. Bcu = B. cunninghamii, Bn = B. neoanglica, Bsp = B. spinulosa, Bco = B. collina, Bv = B. sp. Jervis Bay. The numbers allocated to each OTU are collector numbers and are vouchered at NSW or NE.
FIGURE 1 in Could this be Australia's rarest Banksia? Banksia vincentia (Proteaceae), a new species known from fourteen plants from south-eastern New South Wales, Australia
FIGURE 1. Ordination plot of the results of semi-strong multidimensional scaling for the B. spinulosa group, including putative new species. Stress = 0.0629. Bottom left: B. cunninghamii (turquoise), top left: B. neoanglica (light green), bottom middle: B. sp. Jervis Bay (blue), top right: B. spinulosa (brown), bottom right: B. collina (purple).
A turn in species conservation for hairpin banksias: Demonstration of oversplitting leads to a better management of diversity
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Data from: Evolution of a hotspot genus: geographic variation in speciation and extinction rates in Banksia (Proteaceae)
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Observational foraging behaviour of avian pollinators in restored and remnant Banksia woodlands
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Evaluating the influence of different aspects of habitat fragmentation on mating patterns and pollen dispersal in the bird-pollinated Banksia sphaerocarpa var. caesia
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
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