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13 results for “Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans”
Environmental DNA-based detection of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in captive settings
<p>Detecting pathogens in the live animal trade is critical for tracking and preventing their movement, introduction, and spillover into susceptible fauna. However, the scale of the live animal trade makes individually testing animals infeasible for all but the most economically important taxa. For instance, while the fungal pathogen, <em>Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans</em> (<em>Bsal</em>), threatens amphibian, particularly caudate diversity, in Europe and the Americas, screening even a fraction of the millions of live amphibians imported into the United States, alone, is impractically laborious and expensive. A promising alternative to individual-level sampling (e.g., swabbing the skin of salamanders) is to instead collect DNA from the animals' environment (e.g., housing container or water) which allows us to screen a whole group of animals at a time. </p> <p>We used a series of experiments with <em>Bsal</em>-spiked water and substrates and experimentally infected rough-skinned newts (<em>Taricha granulosa</em>) to determine how best to collect <em>Bsal</em> environmental DNA (eDNA) samples, that is, which methods yield the greatest recovery of <em>Bsal</em> eDNA, and evaluate the capacity of these methods to detect <em>Bsal</em>-infected animals in conditions that might be found in captive settings and trade.</p> <p>We found that filtering water housing infected animals for even an hour can consistently recover detectable levels of <em>Bsal</em> eDNA, that there is little evidence of <em>Bsal </em>eDNA being clumped in housing containers or being swamped or inhibited under realistically dirty conditions, and that eDNA-based methods achieves an equivalent or higher chance of detecting <em>Bsal</em> infections in a group of co-housed newts with fewer samples than traditional methods of individually swabbing.</p> <p>By sampling the genetic materials shed or produced by a whole group of animals, eDNA-based methods are a powerful means of detecting pathogens, such as <em>Bsal,</em> in shipment and captive population. These methods bring routine pathogen surveillance into reach in many more contexts and can thus be an important tool in conservation and disease control.</p>
Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans thermal phenotypic variation
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Environmental DNA-based detection of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in captive settings
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Prevalence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in thre Hoang Lien Range, northwest Vietnam
<p>This study aims to investigate the presence of the amphibian chytrid fungi <i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis </i>(<i>Bd</i>) and<i> Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans </i>(<i>Bsal</i>)<i> </i>in the <a name="_Hlk45376654">Hoang Lien Range, northwest Vietnam </a>as well as any patterns in <i>Bd</i> infection in space, time and host species over a five-year sampling period. This study also aims to investigate the presence of <i>Bsal</i> in the Hoang Lien Range.</p>
"Efficacy of Plant-derived Fungicides at Inhibiting Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans Growth" Dataset and Code
<p>The emerging fungal amphibian pathogen, <em>Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans </em>(<em>Bsal</em>), is currently spreading across Europe and given its estimated invasion potential, has the capacity to decimate salamander populations worldwide. Fungicides are a promising <em>in situ </em>management strategy for <em>Bsal</em> due to their ability to treat the environment and infected individuals. However, antifungal drugs or pesticides could adversely affect the environment and non-target hosts, thus identifying safe, effective candidate fungicides for <em>in situ </em>treatment is needed. Here, we estimated the inhibitory fungicidal efficacy of five plant-derived fungicides (thymol, curcumin, allicin, 6-gingerol, and Pond Pimafix®) and one chemical fungicide (Virkon® Aquatic) against <em>Bsal </em>zoospores <em>in vitro</em>. We used a broth microdilution method in 48-well plates to test the efficacy of six concentrations per fungicide on <em>Bsal </em>zoospore viability. Following plate incubation, we performed cell viability assays and agar plate growth trials to estimate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of each fungicide. All six fungicides exhibited inhibitory and fungicidal effects against <em>Bsal </em>growth, with estimated MIC concentrations ranging from 60 to 0.156 μg/mL for the different compounds. Allicin showed the greatest efficacy (i.e., lowest MIC and MFC) against<em> Bsal </em>zoospores followed by curcumin, Pond Pimafix®, thymol, 6-gingerol, and Virkon® Aquatic, respectively. Our results provide evidence that plant-derived fungicides are effective at inhibiting and killing <em>Bsal </em>zoospores <em>in vitro </em>and may be useful for <em>in situ </em>treatment. Additional studies are needed to estimate the efficacy of these fungicides at inactivating <em>Bsal</em> in the environment and treating <em>Bsal</em>-infected amphibians.</p>
Ecological barriers for an amphibian pathogen: a narrow ecological niche for Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in an Asian Chytrid hotspot
<p>We used GLM and Maxent models to predict the potential distribution of <em>Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans </em>(<em>Bsal</em>)<em> </em>based on the climate, non-climate, and biotic variables.</p>
Prevalence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in thre Hoang Lien Range, northwest Vietnam
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Prevalence of Ranavirus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, B. salamandrivorans, and Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola in Amphibians and Reptiles of North Carolina, USA
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The viral pathogen<b> </b><i>Ranavirus</i> (<i>Rv</i>) and the fungal pathogens <i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</i> (<i>Bd</i>), <i>B. salamandrivorans </i>(<i>Bsal</i>), and <i>Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola</i> (<i>Oo</i>) infect amphibians and reptiles. In recent years, there has been increased interest in reporting the occurrences of these pathogens. North Carolina, USA has a rich diversity of amphibians and reptiles, and is notably the most species-rich U.S. state in salamanders. We assessed prevalence of <i>Rv</i>, <i>Bd</i>, <i>Bsal</i>, and <i>Oo </i>in a broad taxonomic and geographic representation of amphibians and reptiles in North Carolina. Non-lethal skin swabs were taken using standardized methods from 718 amphibians and 254 reptiles, most of which were wild caught across North Carolina, with some captive individuals from living collections at the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences and North Carolina State University Veterinary College. The presence and quantity of <i>Rv</i>, <i>Bd</i>, <i>Bsal, </i>or <i>Oo</i> DNA in the swabs was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). <i>Rv </i>was found in 29% of the amphibians and reptiles that were tested, <i>Bd</i> was found in 14% of the frogs and salamanders tested, and <i>Oo </i>was found in 10% of the snakes tested. Presence of <i>Bd</i> was positively associated with presence of <i>Rv</i> in frogs but not in salamanders. <i>Rv</i>, <i>Bd</i>, <i>Bsal, </i>and <i>Oo</i> were found in a wide variety of species and across the state. As none of the individuals sampled were apparently sick or coming from populations with recent mass die-off or mortality events, this research suggests that these three pathogens are probably endemic to North Carolina and found naturally in wild populations. <i>Bsal</i> was not found in any samples, consistent with the finding that this pathogen has not yet been detected in the wild anywhere else in the USA. As this pathogen is associated with wild salamander die-offs in Europe, its introduction into salamander-rich North Carolina could be catastrophic. Hence efforts to continue to monitor for <i>Bsal</i> and prevent its introduction into the USA remain very important.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Prevalence of Ranavirus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, B. salamandrivorans, and Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola in Amphibians and Reptiles of North Carolina, USA
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Anticipating the potential impacts of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans on Neotropical salamander diversity
<p>Emergent infectious disease caused by the fungal pathogens <i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</i> (<i>Bd</i>) and <i>B. salamandrivorans</i> (<i>Bsal</i>) represent one of the major causes of biodiversity loss in amphibians. While <i>Bd </i>has affected amphibians worldwide, <i>Bsal </i>remains restricted to Asia and Europe, but also could be a major threat for salamanders in the Western hemisphere, including the 320 bolitoglossine species described. Here we predict the suitable areas for <i>Bsal </i>in the Neotropics and assessed its potential impact on bolitoglossine diversity. For this, we determined the geographic patterns of taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity for bolitoglossines and modelled the potential distribution of <i>Bsal</i> in the Neotropics. We identified which species and regions could be at risk from an eventual introduction of <i>Bsal </i>in the region, quantified the degree of overlap between regions of high diversity and the suitable conditions for the pathogen, and considered species IUCN Red List status, and geographic range size. We found that regions of high taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity are concentrated in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, Sierra Madre Oriental, the southern portion of Sierra Madre del Sur and the mountains of Oaxaca in México, as well as the Chiapan-Guatemalan highlands, and the Cordilleras of Costa Rica and Panama. Alarmingly, the regions of high diversity for bolitoglossines and over 75% of the ranges of the more threatened species could be affected by <i>Bsal</i>. Given the unknown vulnerability of these species, we strongly recommend measures to avoid the introduction of <i>Bsal</i> in the continent.</p>
Anticipating the potential impacts of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans on Neotropical salamander diversity
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Climate as a gatekeeper: Unexpected absence of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in an Asian Chytrid hotspot suggests a narrow climatic niche for the pathogen
<p>we conducted an extensive survey for <em>Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans </em>across the Guangxi region of Southern China, now considered a <em>B. dendrobatidis</em> hotspot. We examined 1230 individuals from 38 amphibian species and 36 environmental water bodies sampled. However, PCR testing revealed absence of <em>B. salamandrivorans </em> in our samples. A subsequent niche modeling analysis for <em>B.salamandrivorans </em> suggested that the bioclimatic conditions of much of the region may not be conducive to <em>B. salamandrivorans </em>.</p>
RNA seq of H2O, glucose, mannose or galactose-treated Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans zoospores
GEO Series GSE161129. Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans. 24 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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