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8 results for “Bill morphology”
Context-dependent effects of relative temperature extremes on bill morphology in a songbird
<p><span>Species increasingly face environmental extremes. While responses of morphological traits to changes in average environmental conditions are well-documented, responses to environmental extremes remain poorly understood. Bird bills contribute to thermoregulation, with considerable heat loss possible through the bill surface, and with bill morphology shaped by long-term thermal conditions. We used museum specimens to investigate the relationship of bill surface area (SA) in dark-eyed juncos <i>Junco hyemalis</i> to traditional measures of climate (temperature and precipitation) and to a novel measure of short-term relative temperature extremity, which quantifies the degree to which temperature maxima or minima have diverged from the recent five-year norm. We found that bill SA exhibits different patterns of association with relative extremity depending on the overall temperature regime and on precipitation. While thermoregulatory function predicts larger bill SA at higher relative temperature extremities, we found this to be the case only when the measure of temperature extremity existed in an environmental context that opposed it: relative minimum temperature in a warm climate, or relative maximum temperature in a cool climate. When, instead, environmental context amplified the relative temperature extremity, we found a negative relationship between bill SA and relative temperature extremity. We also found that the strength of associations between bill SA and relative temperature extremity increased as precipitation increased. Our results suggest that trait responses to environmental variation may qualitatively differ depending on the overall environmental context, and that environmental change that extremifies already-extreme environments should be of particular concern. Extreme-on-extreme environmental change may produce responses that cannot be predicted from observations in less extreme contexts, which should make it a priority for research on species' responses to climate change as well as trait evolution generally.Species increasingly face environmental extremes. Morphological responses to changes in average environmental conditions are well-documented, but responses to environmental extremes remain poorly understood. We used museum specimens to investigate relationships between a thermoregulatory morphological trait, bird bill surface area (SA), and a measure of short-term relative temperature extremity (RTE), which quantifies the degree that temperature maxima or minima diverge from the five-year norm. Using a widespread, generalist species, <i>Junco hyemalis</i>, we found that SA exhibited different patterns of association with RTE depending on the overall temperature regime and on precipitation. While thermoregulatory function predicts larger SA at higher RTE, we found this only when the RTE existed in an environmental context that opposed it: atypically cold minimum temperature in a warm climate, or atypically warm maximum temperature in a cool climate. When environmental context amplified the RTE, we found a negative relationship between SA and RTE. We also found that the strength of associations between SA and RTE increased with precipitation. Our results suggest that trait responses to environmental variation may qualitatively differ depending on the overall environmental context, and that environmental change that extremifies already-extreme environments may produce responses that cannot be predicted from observations in less extreme contexts.</span></p>
Context-dependent effects of relative temperature extremes on bill morphology in a songbird
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Punctuated evolution of bill morphology in the largest family of songbirds (Thraupidae)
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Data from: Bill morphology and neutral genetic structure both predict variation in acoustic signals within a bird population
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Effects of climate on bill morphology within and across Toxostoma thrashers
Bird bills possess an important thermoregulatory function as they are a site for environmental heat exchange. Previous studies have demonstrated that birds in warmer climates have larger bills than those living in colder climates, as larger bills can dissipate more heat. Because this dry heat transfer does not incur water loss, it may be additionally advantageous in water-restricted habitats. Here, we examine the influence of climate on bill morphology in Toxostoma thrashers, a group of 10 North American species that vary in bill morphology and occupied climate niche, with several species inhabiting arid climates. Past examinations of thrasher bill morphology have only considered foraging, leaving unanswered the role of climate in morphological divergence within this group. We photographed 476 Toxostoma museum specimens encompassing all 10 species, and calculated bill measurements from the photos using a MATLAB-based program. For each species, we calculated occupied climate niche using data from WorldClim describing temperature and precipitation. We found no reliable significant relationships between climate variables and bill morphology across species, suggesting that other factors such as foraging behavior may be more important in shaping bill morphology in this genus. Within species, we found three Toxostoma species have significant relationships between bill morphology and climate that follow Allen's Rule. However, we also found the relationships between climate and bill morphology varied in strength and direction across species. Notably, we found a negative relationship between maximum temperature of the hottest month and bill surface area in LeConte's Thrasher, which occupies the hottest and most arid climates of the thrashers. This adds to the evidence that Allen's Rule may reverse in extremely hot climates when the bill may become a heat sink instead of a heat radiator. These results demonstrate the importance of considering the generality of ecogeographical rules across lineages that occupy extreme climates.
Data from: Differentially expressed genes match bill morphology and plumage despite largely homogenous genomes in a Holarctic songbird
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Effects of climate on bill morphology within and across Toxostoma thrashers
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Data from: Inferences of genetic architecture of bill morphology in house sparrow using a high‐density SNP array point to a polygenic basis
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