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83 results for “Biodiversity loss”
Soil organic carbon loss decreases biodiversity but stimulates multitrophic interactions that promote belowground metabolism
<p>Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays an essential role in mediating community structure and metabolic activities of belowground biota. Unraveling the evolution of belowground communities and their feedback mechanisms on SOC dynamics helps embed the ecology of soil microbiome into carbon cycling, which serves to improve biodiversity conservation and carbon management strategy under global change. Here, croplands with a SOC gradient were used to understand how belowground metabolisms and SOC decomposition were linked to the diversity, composition, and co-occurrence networks of belowground communities encompassing archaea, bacteria, fungi, protists, and invertebrates. As SOC decreased, the diversity of prokaryotes and eukaryotes also decreased, but their network complexity showed contrasting patterns: prokaryotes increased due to intensified niche overlap, while that of eukaryotes decreased possibly because of greater dispersal limitation owing to the breakdown of macro aggregates. Despite the decrease in biodiversity and SOC stocks, the belowground metabolic capacity was enhanced as indicated by increased enzyme activity and decreased enzymatic stoichiometric imbalance. This could, in turn, expedite carbon loss through respiration, particularly in the slow-cycling pool. The enhanced belowground metabolic capacity was dominantly driven by greater multitrophic network complexity and particularly negative (competitive and predator-prey) associations, which fostered the stability of the belowground metacommunity. Interestingly, soil abiotic conditions including pH, aeration, and nutrient stocks, exhibited a less significant role. Overall, this study reveals a greater need for soil C resources across multitrophic levels to maintain metabolic functionality as declining SOC results in biodiversity loss. Our researchers highlight the importance of integrating belowground biological processes into models of SOC turnover, to improve agroecosystem functioning and carbon management in the face of intensifying anthropogenic land-use and climate change.</p>
Data from: Ecosystem functioning during biodiversity loss and recovery
<p>Anthropogenic biodiversity loss can impair ecosystem functioning. Human activities are often managed with the aim of reversing biodiversity loss and its associated functional impacts. However, it is currently unknown whether biodiversity–ecosystem function (BEF) relationships observed during biodiversity recovery are the same as those observed during biodiversity loss. This will depend on how species extirpation and recolonisation sequences compare and how different species influence ecosystem functioning. Using data from a marine benthic invertebrate community, we modelled how bioturbation potential – a proxy for benthic ecosystem functioning – changes along biodiversity loss and recovery sequences governed by species' sensitivity to physical disturbance and recolonisation capability, respectively. BEF relationships for biodiversity loss and recovery were largely the same despite species extirpation and recolonisation sequences being different. This held true irrespective of whether populations were assumed to exhibit compensatory responses as species were removed or added. These findings suggest that the functional consequences of local biodiversity loss can be reversed by alleviating its drivers, as different species present at comparable levels of species richness during biodiversity loss and recovery phases have similar functional effects. Empirically verifying and determining the generality of our model-based results are potential next steps for future research.</p>
D6.3 - Outputs of the assessment of the biodiversity loss induced by the soy commodities market between Brazil and the European Union
<p><span>This dataset compiles the results of an assessment of biodiversity loss caused by the soy commodities trade between Brazil and the European Union from 2004 to 2020. The file “SM” refers to supplementary material. The file “POA1” contains biodiversity loss characterisation factors for land occupation and land transformation, estimated based on CLEVER D2.4. The file “POA2” includes indicators of biodiversity loss due to soy cultivation in Brazil at the municipality level. Finally, the file “POA3” presents the biodiversity footprint of the Brazilian soy commodities traded in the European Union.</span></p>
Global warming leads to habitat loss and genetic erosion of alpine biodiversity
<p><span><strong>Aim</strong>:</span><span> Species living on steep environmental gradients are expected to be especially sensitive to global climate change. Here, we combined genetic, ecological niche modelling and climatic niche comparisons to investigate the influence of climate on the biogeography of three alpine species with overlapping ranges.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Location</strong>:</span><span> Te Waipounamu (South Island) Aotearoa</span>–<span>New Zealand.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Taxon</strong>:</span><span> Endemic alpine-adapted Cataontopinae grasshoppers.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Methods</strong>:</span><span> We used niche modelling to estimate and project the potential niche of three focal species under past and future climate scenarios.</span><span> Vulnerability assessments were</span><span> performed using </span><span>niche factor analyses. Demographic trends and phylogeographic structure were investigated using samples from 15 mountain tops to generate mitochondrial DNA haplotype networks and population genetic statistics.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Results</strong>:</span><span> Niche models and genetic data suggest suitable habitat for all three alpine species was more widespread and contiguous in the past than today. Demographic analyses indicate in situ survival rather than post-Pleistocene colonisation of current habitat. Population structuring and genetic divergence suggest that mountain uplift during the Pliocene and environmental barriers during Pleistocene glacial and interglacial stages shaped contemporary population structure of each species. Though geographically overlapping, niche analyses suggest these alpine species are not ecologically identical, and each shows similar but distinct responses to environmental change, but all will lose intraspecific diversity through population extinction.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Main</strong> <strong>conclusions</strong>:</span><span> Climatic, biological and geophysical factors controlled population structuring of three cold-adapted species during the Pleistocene with a legacy of spatially separate intraspecific lineages. Ecological niche models for each species emphasise distinct combinations of environmental proxies, but all are expected to experience severe habitat reduction during climate warming. Increased global temperatures drive available habitat to higher elevation resulting in population contractions, range shifts, habitat fragmentation, local extinctions, and genetic impoverishment. Despite alpine species not being ecologically identical, we predict all mountain biota will lose significant genetic diversity due to global warming.</span></p>
Figure 7.2 of IPCC-IPBES report - The effects of actions to mitigate climate changes on action to mitigate biodiversity and of actions to mitigate biodiversity loss on actions to mitigate climate change
<p>Here are the underlying data and codes for Figure 7.2 of the IPCC-IPBES report (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4659158)<br> </p> <p>We decide to represent only the recognized links (positive and negative) in Figure 7.2. The table1 file represents these relationships. If you decide to represent the non-recognized interactions (gray), you should use the table2 file and re-divide it in the code.</p> <p>The code produces the Sankey diagram, which was used to produce Figure 7.2. The order of the nodes was organized manually to represent better the Chapter 7 discussion. After that, you can export the figure and work in an external program.</p> <p>The final figure was produced using PowerPoint and with labels and icons inserted manually. </p>
Soil organic carbon loss decreases biodiversity but stimulates multitrophic interactions that promote belowground metabolism
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Data from: Ecosystem functioning during biodiversity loss and recovery
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Global warming leads to habitat loss and genetic erosion of alpine biodiversity
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Data for: Thresholds of freshwater biodiversity in response to riparian vegetation loss in the Neotropical region
<p>These files contain all the data and R scripts used for analyses of the manuscript "Thresholds of freshwater biodiversity in response to riparian vegetation loss in the Neotropical region", published in Journal of Applied Ecology.</p> <p>See Metadata (README).xls file for a detailed description of these files.</p> <p>Dala-Corte RB, Melo AS, Siqueira T, et al. Thresholds of freshwater biodiversity in response to<br> riparian vegetation loss in the Neotropical region. J Appl Ecol. 2020;00:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13657</p>
Selective extinctions resulting from random habitat destruction lead to under‐estimates of local and regional biodiversity loss in a manipulative field experiment
<p>Land-use change is a significant cause of anthropogenic extinctions, which are likely to continue and accelerate as habitat conversion proceeds in most biomes. One way to understand the effects of habitat loss on biodiversity is through improved tools for predicting the number and identity of species losses in response to habitat loss. There are relatively few methods for predicting extinctions and even fewer opportunities for rigorously assessing the quality of these predictions. In this paper we address these issues by applying a new method based on rarefaction to predict species losses after random, but aggregated, habitat loss. We compare predictions from three rarefaction models, individual-based, sample-based, and spatially-clustered, to those derived from a commonly-used extinction estimation method, the Species-Area Relationship (SAR). We apply each method to a mesocosm experiment, in which we aim to predict species richness and extinctions of arthropods immediately following 50% habitat loss. While each model produced strikingly accurate predictions of species richness immediately after the habitat loss disturbance, each model significantly underestimated the number of extinctions occurring at both the local (within-mesocosm) and regional (treatment-wide) scales. Despite the stochastic nature of our small-scale, short-term, and randomly applied habitat loss experiment, we found surprisingly clear evidence for extinction selectivity, for example when abundant species with low extinction probabilities were extirpated following habitat loss. The important role played by selective extinction even in this contrived experimental system suggests that ecologically driven, trait-based extinctions play an equally important role to stochastic extinction, even when the disturbance itself has no clear selectivity. As a result, neutrally stochastic null models such as the SAR and rarefaction are likely to underestimate extinctions caused by habitat loss. Nevertheless, given the difficulty of predicting extinctions, null models provide useful benchmarks for conservation planning by providing minimum estimates and probabilities of species extinctions.</p>
Data from: Risk of short-term biodiversity loss under more persistent precipitation regimes
<p>Recent findings indicate that atmospheric warming increases the persistence of weather patterns in the mid-latitudes, resulting in sequences of longer dry and wet periods compared to historic averages. The alternation of progressively longer dry and wet extremes could increasingly select for species with a broad environmental tolerance. As a consequence, biodiversity may decline. Here, we explore the relationship between the persistence of summer precipitation regimes and plant diversity by subjecting experimental grassland mesocosms to a gradient of dry-wet alternation frequencies whilst keeping the total precipitation constant. The gradient varied the duration of consecutive wet and dry periods, from 1 up to 60 days with or without precipitation, over a total of 120 days. An alternation of longer dry and wet spells led to a severe loss of species richness (up to –75% relative to the current rainfall pattern in W-Europe) and functional diversity (enhanced dominance of grasses relative to nitrogen (N)-fixers and non-N-fixing forbs). Loss of N-fixers and non-N-fixing forbs in severe treatments was linked to lower baseline competitive success and higher physiological sensitivity to changes in soil moisture compared to grasses. The extent of diversity losses also strongly depended on the timing of the dry and wet periods. Regimes in which long droughts (≥ 20 days) coincided with above-average temperatures showed significantly more physiological plant stress over the experimental period, greater plant mortality, and impoverished communities by the end of the season. Across all regimes, the duration of the longest period below permanent wilting point was an accurate predictor of mortality across the communities, indicating that increasingly persistent precipitation regimes may reduce opportunities for drought stress alleviation. We conclude that without recruitment, which was precluded in this experiment, summer precipitation regimes with longer dry and wet spells will likely diminish plant diversity, at least in the short term.</p>
Data from: Landscape heterogeneity can partially offset negative effects of habitat loss on mammalian biodiversity in agroecosystems
<p>Intensive, large-scale agriculture promotes the conversion of natural habitats and diversified crops into monocultures, decreasing both native vegetation cover and landscape heterogeneity, leading to landscape simplification. Yet, a key knowledge gap persists on the relative impacts of the loss of native vegetation and landscape heterogeneity on biodiversity. Addressing this gap is pressing to support policies that conciliate agricultural production and biodiversity conservation and to move forward some scientific controversies, as the "land sharing versus land sparing" and "habitat loss versus fragmentation" debates.<br>Through a hierarchical sampling design that maximized variation, while minimizing correlation, between landscape heterogeneity and native vegetation cover, we recorded the occurrence of medium and large-bodied mammals in native vegetation and agricultural areas of 55 landscapes in a global conservation hotspot and a key commodity production area – the Brazilian savanna, Cerrado. We compared simple, additive, and interactive models to investigate the effects of landscape heterogeneity and native vegetation cover on richness and composition of native and invasive mammals. <br>Native and invasive mammal communities were affected by both native vegetation cover and landscape heterogeneity, although the effects of the first was stronger than the later. Both aspects had positive effects on native species richness and negative on invasive species richness, indicating that the loss of native vegetation and the reduction in landscape heterogeneity lead to biotic homogenization. Yet, while landscape heterogeneity benefited most native species, the direction of its effect varied among invasive species and depended on native vegetation cover.<br>Synthesis and applications: Besides reducing habitat loss, avoiding landscape homogenization is key for conciliating agricultural production and biodiversity conservation, pointing to the relevance of policies encouraging crop diversification. As increasing landscape heterogeneity can in part compensate the negative effects of losing native habitat on biodiversity in agroecosystems, policies can gain feasibility by adjusting the balance between native vegetation cover and landscape heterogeneity according to what best suits local restraints and demands.</p>
Data from: Higher avian biodiversity, increased shrub cover, and proximity to continuous forest may reduce pest insect crop loss in small-scale oil palm farming
<p>One of the key ecosystem services offered by avian biodiversity within agricultural landscapes is natural predation. Nonetheless, the current use of biological control agents such as farmland birds in oil palm plantations is relatively limited. The present study aimed to assess the potential roles of avian biodiversity, particularly insectivores which provide natural predation against oil palm herbivorous insects. We also investigated the influence of local- and landscape-scale variables on foliage damage (crown or frond). Our data showed that crown damage decreased with increasing farmland bird richness (overall and insectivore), shrub cover, dried biomass, and elevation, but increased with epiphyte cover, oil palm height, and distance to continuous forest. Frond damage was negatively related to bird richness (overall, insectivore, and non-insectivore) and non-insectivore abundance, elevation, and shrub cover, while increased with insectivorous abundance, epiphyte cover, oil palm height, and distance to continuous forest. We also found that plantations (≥ 50 ha) were more susceptible to foliage damage from pest insects than smallholdings (<50 ha). There was no evidence that indicated the influence of forest patches on foliage damage. Our study highlights the economic value of conserving biodiversity, most notably, farmland birds and continuous forests with respect to biological control of defoliating pests and maintaining yield productivity in oil palm cultivation. Growers, particularly major plantation companies should make oil palm farming more biodiversity-friendly in order to increase the number of biological control agents such as birds.</p>
Resolved EXiobase (REX II) with regionalized biodiversity loss impact assessment of global mining – second version of a highly-resolved MRIO database for the year 2014
<p>This repository provides a new version of the highly-resolved global multi-regional input-output database called REX II (Resolved EXiobase) for the year 2014 with improved data quality for all mining and metals processing sectors, including a regionalized biodiversity impact assessment for all mining sectors. This regionalized impact assessment is based on the global mining area data set of Maus et al (2020). The database REX II is described in the study <em>"Hotspots of mining-related biodiversity loss in global supply chains and the potential for reduction by renewable electricity".</em></p> <p>Study: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c04003">https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c04003</a></p> <p>Open-access preprint: <a href="https://doi.org/10.31223/X5T064">https://doi.org/10.31223/X5T064</a></p> <p> </p> <p>An earlier version of this database (REX I) with time series from 1995–2015 is provided under: <a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3993659">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3993659</a> and described here: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142587">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142587</a></p> <p> </p> <p>The repository REXIA_2014 contains the following files (<em>*.mat-files</em>) referring to the year 2014:<br> T_REXIA: transaction matrix<br> Y_REXIA: final demand matrix<br> Ext_REXIA and Ext_hh_REXIA: the satellite matrices of the economy and the final demand<br> The labels of all matrices are described in the excel file Labels_REXIA.xlsx</p>
Resources for studying the aesthetic and diversity values of plants and pets in shaping biodiversity loss belief among urban residents
<p><span>Considering the issues of data transparency and the cost of reproduction, all data and code snippets of the study titled "From beauty to belief: The aesthetic and diversity values of plants and pets in shaping biodiversity loss belief among urban residents" are deposited here.</span></p>
Processed species-level data for "Global Biodiversity Loss from Outsourced Deforestation"
<p>This repository holds processed species-level data for the following paper:</p> <blockquote> <p>Wiebe, R.A.* and Wilcove, D.S. <em>2025</em>. Global Biodiversity Loss from Outsourced Deforestation.</p> </blockquote> <p>*<a href="mailto:rwiebe@princeton.edu">rwiebe@princeton.edu</a>, Guyot Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ</p> <p>In this analysis, we quantified the range loss to forest-dwelling vertebrates that is attributable to demand for agricultural and forestry products by developed countries in 2001-2015.</p> <p>We used several datasets in this analysis. Data on forest cover and forest loss were sourced from <em>Hansen et al.</em> and publicly available to download online: <a href="https://earthenginepartners.appspot.com/science-2013-global-forest/download_v1.7.html" rel="nofollow">https://earthenginepartners.appspot.com/science-2013-global-forest/download_v1.7.html</a>. Data on range maps for species were sourced from the IUCN and downloaded from the IUCN’s API (<a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/spatial-data-download" rel="nofollow">https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/spatial-data-download</a>) and its partner BirdLife International’s API (<a href="http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/requestdis" rel="nofollow">http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/requestdis</a>). These datasets are made available for academic research on request, and an API key is necessary for their downloads. We sourced data on land use attribution from Nguyen Tien Hoang and Keiichiro Kanemoto, from their 2021 publication “Mapping the deforestation footprint of nations reveals growing threat to tropical forests.” These data are not publicly available, but the authors kindly provided the data on request.</p> <p>Code necessary to replicate the analysis can be found in a public repository at: https://github.com/AlexWiebe/Outsourced-Biodiversity-Loss.</p>
Landscape-scale conservation mitigates the biodiversity loss of grassland birds
<p>The decline of biodiversity from anthropogenic landscape modification is among the most pressing conservation problems world-wide. In North America, long-term population declines have elevated the recovery of the grassland avifauna to among the highest conservation priorities. Because the vast majority of grasslands of the Great Plains are privately owned, the recovery of these ecosystems and bird populations within them depend on landscape-scale conservation strategies that integrate social, economic, and biodiversity objectives. The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) is a voluntary program for private agricultural producers administered by the United States Department of Agriculture that provides financial incentives to take cropland out of production and restore perennial grassland. We investigated spatial patterns of grassland availability and restoration to inform landscape-scale conservation for a comprehensive community of grassland birds in the Great Plains. The research objectives were to 1) determine how apparent habitat loss has affected spatial patterns of grassland bird biodiversity, 2) evaluate the effectiveness of CRP for offsetting the biodiversity declines of grassland birds and 3) develop spatially explicit predictions to estimate the biodiversity benefit of adding CRP to landscapes impacted by habitat loss. We used the Integrated Monitoring in Bird Conservation Regions program to evaluate hypotheses for the effects of habitat loss and restoration on both the occupancy and species richness of grassland specialists within a continuum modelling framework. We found the odds of community occupancy declined by 37% for every 1 Standard Deviation (SD) decrease in grassland availability [log<i><sub>e</sub></i>(km<sup>2</sup>)] and increased by 20% for every 1 SD increase in CRP land cover [log<i><sub>e</sub></i>(km<sup>2</sup>)]. There was 17% turnover in species composition between intact grasslands and CRP landscapes, suggesting grasslands restored by CRP retained considerable, but incomplete representation of biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. Spatially explicit predictions indicated absolute conservation outcomes were greatest at high latitudes in regions with high biodiversity, whereas the relative outcomes were greater at low latitudes in highly modified landscapes. By evaluating community-wide responses to landscape modification and CRP restoration at bioregional scales, our study fills key information gaps for developing collaborative strategies, and balancing conservation of avian biodiversity and social well-being in agricultural production landscapes of the Great Plains.</p>
Community biomass is driven by dominants and their characteristics –the insight from a field biodiversity experiment with realistic species loss scenario
<p>1. Revealing the role of biodiversity in ecosystem functioning (BEF) has been a major focus of ecological research over recent decades. In general, results from artificially assembled communities point to the important role of biodiversity showing that the loss of species has a negative effect on various ecosystem functions (mostly assessed by aboveground peak biomass). However, the evidence from manipulations of natural communities is scarce and results are often contradictory between these two approaches. In particular, the importance of species dominance for ecosystem functioning remains poorly understood.</p> <p>2. We created a gradient of plant species richness in a meadow community following a realistic species loss scenario (removal of less abundant species) to test the effect of diversity on community biomass and assess the importance of subordinate species compared to dominants in a five-year experiment.</p> <p>3. Contrasting with the results of BEF experiments with artificial assembly, we did not find any relationship between plant species diversity and aboveground biomass across the timeframe of the experiment. We provide evidence that dominant species' identity and traits are the main drivers of community biomass, because dominant species were able to maintain biomass production after substantial species loss. Further, dominants prevented community biomass from declining and biomass was indirectly influenced not by species richness but through differences in functional diversity. Our results support the mass ratio hypothesis, showing a much bigger effect of dominant species on community biomass production and hints at the rather minor importance of the complementarity effect between species. We emphasize that BEF research should more focus on the role of dominant species in maintaining various ecosystem functions.</p> <p>4. Synthesis. Species diversity is a poor predictor of community aboveground biomass production and dominant species can effectively compensate the total production after substantial loss of other species in a grassland community.</p>
Data for: Recreational land use contributes to the loss of marine biodiversity
<p>This repository includes data for the article: Virtanen, E. A., N. Kallio, M. Nurmi, S. Jernberg, L. Saikkonen, L. Forsblom. Recreational land use contributes to the loss of marine biodiversity, People and Nature.</p> <p> </p>
Afforestation and abandonment of semi-natural grasslands lead to biodiversity loss and a decline in ecosystem services and functions
<p>1. During the past century, semi-natural grasslands, once widespread throughout Europe, have largely been converted into intensively managed agricultural areas, abandoned or afforested. These large-scale land-use changes have already resulted in considerable biodiversity loss but can also lead to a decline in ecosystem service provision and ecosystem multifunctionality.</p> <p>2. We assessed the impact of afforestation and abandonment of semi-natural grasslands on the supply of ecosystem services in Western Estonia. We compared a wide array of services provided by open grasslands, abandoned grasslands, and afforested grasslands. Additionally, we analysed the impact of land-use change and species richness on ecosystem multifunctionality.</p> <p>3. Significant declines in the supply of pollination service, natural pest regulation, forage production, soil quality, wild food, and cultural appreciation of landscape were detected as a result of overgrowing or afforestation.</p> <p>4. There was a significant positive relationship between species richness and ecosystem multifunctionality, i.e. more biodiverse grasslands were able to support more services at a higher capacity.</p> <p>5. Results show that both grassland degradation due to abandonment, as well as grassland afforestation, have significant negative impacts on biodiversity, on the supply of multiple important ecosystem services and on the ecosystem multifunctionality.</p> <p>6. Synthesis and applications. Temperate semi-natural grasslands have high biodiversity and capacity to deliver multiple important ecosystem services simultaneously. Conservation and restoration of grassland habitats must be considered as an important part of sustainable landscape planning.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.