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22 results for “Bitis”
Figure 3 in A remarkable example of suspected Batesian mimicry of Gaboon Vipers (Reptilia: Viperidae: Bitis gabonica) by Congolese Giant Toads (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Sclerophrys channingi)
Figure 3. Variation in the dorsal pattern of preserved specimens of (a) subadult S. channingi (UTEP 21964) from Mulisi, Kahuzi-Biega National Park, South Kivu, DRC and subadult B. gabonica (UTEP 21960) from Epulu, Ituri, DRC; (b) subadult S. channingi (UTEP 21965) from Kyasa, Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Maniema, DRC and subadult B. gabonica (CM 15164) from Lolodorf, Cameroon; and (c) adult S. channingi (AMNH A-8649) from Ngayu, DRC and adult B. gabonica (CM 60728) from Eseka, Cameroon. Note the adult specimen of S. channingi (AMNH A-8649) is discoloured (i.e. darkened) because of 110 years of preservation.
Figure 1 in A remarkable example of suspected Batesian mimicry of Gaboon Vipers (Reptilia: Viperidae: Bitis gabonica) by Congolese Giant Toads (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Sclerophrys channingi)
Figure 1. Photographs in life of (a) subadult Bitis gabonica (UTEP 21959) from Irangi, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC); (b) subadult Sclerophrys channingi (UTEP 21963) from Mwana River near Kalundu, South Kivu, DRC; (c) adult Bitis gabonica (captive specimen) from Irangi; and (d) adult Sclerophrys channingi (captive specimen, photo courtesy of Wolfgang Böhme) from Irangi.
FIGURE 12 in A new large species of Bitis Gray, 1842 (Serpentes: Viperidae) from the Bale Mountains of Ethiopia
FIGURE 12. Map of southern and western Ethiopia showing the distribution of the three native species of Bitis. Incomplete lines depict country borders; solid lines depict major rivers and lakes; stippled area indicates land above 2,000 m elevation. Circles = B. arietans localities from Largen & Spawls (2010); triangles = B. parviocula localities in southwest Ethiopia from Largen & Spawls (2010); square = town of Dodola (reported locality of holotype of B. harenna sp. nov. and single specimen of B. parviocula); five-pointed star = locality of recent sighting of live specimen of B. harenna sp. nov.
FIGURE 10 in A new large species of Bitis Gray, 1842 (Serpentes: Viperidae) from the Bale Mountains of Ethiopia
FIGURE 10. Photographs of a referred specimen (ZMUC R68254) of Bitis parviocula. Top panel shows whole animal in ventral (above) and dorsal (below) views. Lower panel shows head in (from left to right) dorsal, right and left lateral, and ventral views. Upper scale bar 10 cm, lower scale 2 cm. Photographs by Harry Taylor.
FIGURE 11 in A new large species of Bitis Gray, 1842 (Serpentes: Viperidae) from the Bale Mountains of Ethiopia
FIGURE 11. Photographs of nine wild-caught individuals of Bitis parviocula from southwestern Ethiopia. The animal in the top left panel is the small individual reported by Nečas et al. (1993a, b), the animal in the lower right panel is a roadkill specimen (ZFMK 63067) from 20km west of Bonga photographed before preservation, both photographs by Stephen Spawls. The other seven specimens (photographs courtesy of John Tashjian) were in the pet trade in Europe and are not in museum collections.
FIGURE 9 in A new large species of Bitis Gray, 1842 (Serpentes: Viperidae) from the Bale Mountains of Ethiopia
FIGURE 9. Photographs of a referred specimen (ZFMK 63067) of Bitis parviocula. Head shown in A) dorsal, B) ventral, C) left lateral, and D) right lateral views. Scale bar 5 cm. Photographs by Harry Taylor.
FIGURE 7 in A new large species of Bitis Gray, 1842 (Serpentes: Viperidae) from the Bale Mountains of Ethiopia
FIGURE 7. Live (uncollected) specimen of Bitis harenna sp. nov. photographed in the Harenna Forest of the Bale Mountains National Park in October 2013. The snake was approximately 1 m in total length.
FIGURE 8 in A new large species of Bitis Gray, 1842 (Serpentes: Viperidae) from the Bale Mountains of Ethiopia
FIGURE 8. Photographs of holotype (ZFMK 16803) of Bitis parviocula. Whole animal in A) dorsal and B) ventral views, and head in C) ventral and D) dorsal views. Scale bars 5 cm. Photographs by Harry Taylor.
FIGURE 6 in A new large species of Bitis Gray, 1842 (Serpentes: Viperidae) from the Bale Mountains of Ethiopia
FIGURE 6. Comparison of dorsal scale row patterns in species of Bitis. Each figure part shows an approximately midbody section of the flank in left lateral view. A) B. harenna sp. nov. (ZMUC R68255), B) B. parviocula (ZMUC 68254), C) B. gabonica (BMNH 1968.54), D) B. rhinoceros (BMNH 1930.11.19.75), E) B. nasicornis (BMNH '529'), F) B. arietans (BMNH 87.11.3.32). Red dots mark scale row losses, blue dots mark scale row gains. Drawings by Ed Wade.
FIGURE 1 in A new large species of Bitis Gray, 1842 (Serpentes: Viperidae) from the Bale Mountains of Ethiopia
FIGURE 1. Photographs of the holotype (ZMUC R68255) of Bitis harenna sp. nov. Top panel shows whole animal in dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views. Lower panel shows head in dorsal (upper left) and ventral (upper right), and left lateral (lower left) and right lateral (lower right) views. Upper scale bar 10 cm, lower scale 2 cm. Photographs by Harry Taylor.
FIGURE 5 in A new large species of Bitis Gray, 1842 (Serpentes: Viperidae) from the Bale Mountains of Ethiopia
FIGURE 5. Drawing of the holotype (ZMUC R68255) of Bitis harenna sp. nov. showing the dorsal (upper) and ventral (lower) body scalation (between the levels of the 64th and 77th ventral scale) Drawing by Ed Wade.
FIGURE 4 in A new large species of Bitis Gray, 1842 (Serpentes: Viperidae) from the Bale Mountains of Ethiopia
FIGURE 4. Comparison of the right lateral wall of the braincase in species of Bitis. Each figure part shows the braincase in approximately lateral (some more dorso- or ventro-, and some more postero or anterolateral) view. A) B. arietans (BMNH 1964.1249), B) B. nasicornis (BMNH unnumbered), C) B. gabonica (BMNH unnumbered), D) B. harenna sp. nov. (ZMUC R68255), E) B. parviocula (ZMUC R68254). F) B. parviocula (ZFMK 63067). Parts A–C are photographs of osteological preparations; parts D, E and F are µCT volume reconstructions. Scale bars 5 mm. Abbreviations: bo = basioccipital, eo = exoccipital-opisthotic, f = fenestra ovalis, p = prootic, pa = parietal, s = proximal end of stapes. * = prootic ridge present in B. parviocula but not in B. harenna sp. nov.
FIGURE 3 in A new large species of Bitis Gray, 1842 (Serpentes: Viperidae) from the Bale Mountains of Ethiopia
FIGURE 3. Volume reconstructions of µCT data for the skull and mandible of Ethiopian Bitis specimens. A–C holotype (ZMUC R68255) of B. harenna sp. nov. in dorsal (A), right lateral (B) and left lateral (C) views; D–E B. parviocula (ZMUC R68254: Dodola) in dorsal (D) and left lateral (E) views; F–G B. parviocula (ZFMK 63067: Bonga) in dorsal (F) and right lateral (G) views. Scale bars 5 mm.
FIGURE 2 in A new large species of Bitis Gray, 1842 (Serpentes: Viperidae) from the Bale Mountains of Ethiopia
FIGURE 2. Drawings of the holotype (ZMUC R68255) of Bitis harenna sp. nov. Head and anterior of body in dorsal, left lateral and ventral views. Scale bar 10 mm. Drawings by Ed Wade.
Fig. 3 Bayesian 50 in Recovering the evolutionary history of Africa's most diverse viper genus: morphological and molecular phylogeny of Bitis (Reptilia: Squamata: Viperidae)
Fig. 3 Bayesian 50 % majority-rule consensus phylogram of Bitis species from combined evidence. Bayesian and parsimony analyses were conducted from a 29 morphological character dataset (Appendix S2) and a partitioned dataset of sequences from four mitochondrial gene
Fig. 1 Bayesian 50 in Recovering the evolutionary history of Africa's most diverse viper genus: morphological and molecular phylogeny of Bitis (Reptilia: Squamata: Viperidae)
Fig. 1 Bayesian 50 % majority-rule consensus phylogram of Bitis species based on 29 morphological characters (Appendix S2). Support values include posterior probabilities (Bayesian, above) and bootstrap values
Data from: Nanopores in the ventral scales of Bitis rubida and Bitis armata cause white venters
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Data from: An ambusher's arsenal: chemical crypsis in the puff adder (Bitis arietans)
Ambush foragers use a hunting strategy that places them at risk of predation by both visual and olfaction-oriented predators. Resulting selective pressures have driven the evolution of impressive visual crypsis in many ambushing species, and may have led to the development of chemical crypsis. However, unlike visual crypsis, few studies have attempted to demonstrate chemical crypsis. Field observations of puff adders (Bitis arietans) going undetected by several scent-orientated predator and prey species lead us to investigate chemical crypsis in this ambushing species. We trained dogs (Canis familiaris) and meerkats (Suricata suricatta) to test whether a canid and a herpestid predator could detect B. arietans using olfaction. We also tested for chemical crypsis in five species of active foraging snakes, predicted to be easily detectable. Dogs and meerkats unambiguously indicated active foraging species, but failed to correctly indicate puff adder, confirming that B. arietans employs chemical crypsis. This is the first demonstration of chemical crypsis anti-predatory behavior, though the phenomenon may be widespread among ambushers, especially those that experience high mortality rates due to predation. Our study provides additional evidence for the existence of an ongoing chemically-mediated arms race between predator and prey species.
Data from: An ambusher’s arsenal: chemical crypsis in the puff adder (Bitis arietans)
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Figure 4 in A remarkable example of suspected Batesian mimicry of Gaboon Vipers (Reptilia: Viperidae: Bitis gabonica) by Congolese Giant Toads (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Sclerophrys channingi)
Figure 4. Lateral comparison of preserved specimens of (a) subadult S. channingi (UTEP 21965) from Kyasa, Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Maniema, DRC and (b) subadult B. gabonica (UTEP 21960) from Epulu, Ituri, DRC.
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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