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51 results for “Bivalve evolution”
Fig. 13 in The West African enigma: Systematics, evolution, and palaeobiogeography of cardiid bivalve Procardium
Fig. 13. Cardiid bivalve Procardium jansseni sp. nov. from Langhian (Miocene) of Winterswijk, Miste (except F that is from Limburg, Beringe, borehole Beeringen DB15 [B58B008]), The Netherlands. A. Holotype, RGM.1309269 (van der Voort collection), umbonal fragment. B. Paratype, RGM.225756, anterior fragment. C. RGM.1309415 (van der Voort collection), umbonal fragment, hinge missing. D. RGM.1309416 (van der Voort collection), umbonal fragment. E. Paratype, RGM.225755, anterior fragment (E1) and detail of microsculpture (E2). F. RGM.794094 (Rijks Geologische Dienst collection), median fragment. G. RGM.1309417 (van der Voort collection), anterior fragment. H. RGM.794092.a, median fragment. I. Paratype, RGM.225754, posterior fragment. J. RGM.1309991 (ter Poorten collection), posterior fragment. K. RGM.1309418 (van der Voort collection), posterior fragment. Scale bars: A–D, E2, F–K 10 mm; E1, 5 mm.
Fig. 12. Cardiid bivalve Procardium spp. A in The West African enigma: Systematics, evolution, and palaeobiogeography of cardiid bivalve Procardium
Fig. 12. Cardiid bivalve Procardium spp. A. Procardium cf. danubianum (Mayer, 1866), MRSN BS.131.03.003 (Bellardi and Sacco collection), Langhian (Miocene), Albugnano, Italy; external view. B–F. Procardium sp., RGM. 1309268 (van der Voort collection), Serravallian (Miocene), Seyithasan, Turkey; external views. Scale bar 30 mm.
Fig. 15 in The West African enigma: Systematics, evolution, and palaeobiogeography of cardiid bivalve Procardium
Fig. 15. Cardiid bivalve Procardium magnei sp. nov. from early Burdigalian (Miocene) of Saucats, "La Coquillière", France. A. Holotype, PH 11708, external (A1), internal (A2), and umbonal (A3) views, details of sculpture (A4) and right hinge (A5). B. Paratype, PH 63240, external (B1), internal (B2), and posterior (B3) views. C. Paratype, RGM.794098, external view (C1), detail of sculpture (C2) and microsculpture (C3). Scale bars: A1–A3, B, C1, 50 mm; A5, C2, 20 mm; A4, 10 mm; C3, 5 mm.
Fig. 11 in The West African enigma: Systematics, evolution, and palaeobiogeography of cardiid bivalve Procardium
Fig. 11. Cardiid bivalve Procardium danubianum (Mayer, 1866) from Badenian (Miocene) of Enzesfeld, Austria. A. Lectotype of Cardium danubianum Mayer, 1866, NHMW 1853.XVI.44, external (A1, A3) and umbonal (A2) views, detail of sculpture (A4). B. Paralectotype, NHMW 1853.XVI.43, external (B1) and umbonal (B2) views, detail of microsculpure (B3). C. NHMW 1853.XVI.41, external view. Photos Oleg Mandic. Scale bars: A1–A3, B1, B2, C, 50 mm; A4, 20 mm; B3, 1 mm.
Fig. 10 in The West African enigma: Systematics, evolution, and palaeobiogeography of cardiid bivalve Procardium
Fig. 10. Cardiid bivalve Procardium spp., internal moulds, from Serravallian? (Miocene) of Turkey. A. Syntype of Cardium subhians Fischer, 1866, MNHN.F.B32957, between Ermenek and Bostanesou (photo Peter Massicard, http://coldb.mnhn.fr/catalognumber/mnhn/f/b32957). B. Holotype of Cardium cilicianum Toula, 1901, RGM.16498, Karaman Basin, exact locality unknown; external (B1) and umbonal (B2) views. C. Cardium subhians Fischer sensu Toula, 1901, RGM.16499 (Claessens collection), exact locality unknown, Karaman Basin. D–G. Procardium sp. D. RGM.1309264 (van der Voort collection), 1–2 km E of Lale, Akboğaz. E. RGM.1309265 (van der Voort collection), Seyithasan. F. RGM.1309266 (van der Voort collection), –2 km E of Lale, Akboğaz. G. RGM.1309267 (van der Voort collection), slopes ENE of village, Akpınar; external (G1) and umbonal (G2) views. Scale bars: D–F, 50 mm; A–C, G, 25 mm.
Fig. 8 in The West African enigma: Systematics, evolution, and palaeobiogeography of cardiid bivalve Procardium
Fig. 8. Cardiid bivalve Procardium kunstleri (Cossmann and Peyrot, 1912) from Serravallian (Miocene) of Salles, France (A) and Tortonian (Miocene) of Cacela Velha, Portugal (B–D). A. PH 11898, external (A1), internal (A2), and umbonal (A3) views. B. PH 20375, internal (B1) and external (B2) views. C. PH 20375, external view (C1) and detail of posterior sculpture (C2). D. PH 20375, detail of anterior sculpture. Scale bars A, B, C1, 50 mm; C2, D, 20 mm.
Fig. 14 in The West African enigma: Systematics, evolution, and palaeobiogeography of cardiid bivalve Procardium
Fig. 14. Cardiid bivalve Procardium jansseni sp. nov. Graphic reconstruction of a right valve based on 12 fragments from Langhian (Miocene), The Netherlands, Miste, and Beringe. Fragments covering the majority of valve surface. Scale bar 20 mm.
Fig. 9 in The West African enigma: Systematics, evolution, and palaeobiogeography of cardiid bivalve Procardium
Fig. 9. Cardiid bivalve Procardium aff. kunstleri (Cossmann and Peyrot, 1912) from Pliocene of Spain. A. RGM.1309990 (ter Poorten collection), Cordoba, Lucena del Puerto; external (A1), internal (A2), and umbonal (A3) views. B. PH 42438, Bonares; internal (B1) and external (B2) views. C. PH 42438, Bonares; internal (C1), posterior (C2), and external (C3) views. Scale bar 50 mm.
Fig. 5 in The West African enigma: Systematics, evolution, and palaeobiogeography of cardiid bivalve Procardium
Fig. 5. Cardiid bivalve Procardium avisanense (Fontannes, 1879) from Tortonian (Miocene) of Portugal, Cacela Velha (A, D, E) and Fabrica (B, C, F). A. RGM.794106.a (van Nieulande collection), internal (A1), external (A2), and umbonal (A3) views. B. PH 20377, internal (B1) and external (B2) views. C. PH 20377, umbonal view. D. RGM.794104.a, internal (D1) and external (D2) views. E. RGM.794104.b, external (E1) and umbonal (E2) views. F. PH 20377, external (F1) and internal (F2) views. Scale bar 50 mm.
Fig. 7 in The West African enigma: Systematics, evolution, and palaeobiogeography of cardiid bivalve Procardium
Fig. 7. Cardiid bivalve Procardium kunstleri (Cossmann and Peyrot, 1912) from Serravallian (Miocene) of France. A. RGM.794109, Salles, "Moulin Débat"; internal (A1) and external (A2) views. B. RGM.1309992 (Kaptein collection), Gironde; external view. C. PH 11898, Salles; internal (C1) and external (C2) views. Scale bar 50 mm.
Fig. 4 in The West African enigma: Systematics, evolution, and palaeobiogeography of cardiid bivalve Procardium
Fig. 4. Cardiid bivalve Procardium diluvianum (Lamarck, 1819) from Italy. A. MPUB 2017/1B, Pliocene, Cerignola; internal (A1) and external (A2) views, detail of sculpture (A3). B. MPUB 2017/1A, Pliocene, Cerignola; detail of anterior sculpture. C. MPUB 2017/1A, Early Pleistocene, Gravina in Puglia; detail of posterior spines (inner view). D. PH 40489, Piacenzian (Pliocene), Castell'Arquato; internal (D1) and external (D2) views. Scale bars: A1, A2, D1, D2, 50 mm; A3, 10 mm; B, C, 5 mm.
Fig. 3 in The West African enigma: Systematics, evolution, and palaeobiogeography of cardiid bivalve Procardium
Fig. 3. Cardiid bivalve Procardium diluvianum (Lamarck, 1819). A. Syntype of Cardium hians Brocchi, 1814, MSNM i13317, Pliocene, northern Italy (photo Giorgio Teruzzi); external (A1) and umbonal (A2) views. B. Holotype of Cardium diluvianum Lamarck, 1819, MNHN.F.A50147, Pliocene, surroundings of Siena, Italy; external view (photo Jacques Mouchart, http://coldb.mnhn.fr/catalognumber/mnhn/f/a50147). C. MPUR no registration number (unnumbered Cerulli Irelli collection), Early Pleistocene, Farnesina, Italy; external view. D. RGM.794093 (van Nieulande collection), Zanclean (Pliocene), Bonares, Spain; external view. E. RGM.48582.a, Piacenzian (Pliocene), Castell'Arquato, Italy; umbonal view. F. MRSN BS.131.03.001, Pliocene, Asti Hills, Italy; external view. G. RGM.48583, Piacenzian (Pliocene), Castell'Arquato, Italy; external view. Scale bar 50 mm.
Fig. 1 in The West African enigma: Systematics, evolution, and palaeobiogeography of cardiid bivalve Procardium
Fig. 1. Cardiid bivalve Procardium indicum (Lamarck, 1819), RMNH.5006725 (ter Poorten collection), Recent, Algeria. Articulated shell in internal (A, C), external (B, D), and umbonal (E) views, with detail of anterior sculpture (F). Scale bars: A–E, 50 mm; F, 20 mm.
Fig. 2 in The West African enigma: Systematics, evolution, and palaeobiogeography of cardiid bivalve Procardium
Fig. 2. Hinge region of the right valve of Cardiinae type species and a related "Cardium" species. A. Procardium indicum (Lamarck, 1819), RMNH.5006726 ter Poorten collection), Recent, Algeria. B. Cardium costatum Linnaeus, 1758, RMNH.5006725 (ter Poorten collection), Recent, Angola. C. Bucardium ringens (Bruguière, 1789), RMNH.5006724 (ter Poorten collection), Recent, Senegal. D. "Cardium" burdigalinum (Lamarck, 1819), RGM.1309989 (ter Poorten collection), France, Léognan, Le Coquillat, early Miocene. Solid circles and ovals indicating positions of the tips of the teeth (A2–D2) and the positions and shapes of the cardinal teeth of the opposite valve (A1–D1). Note extremely hollowed anterior lateral socket in Procardium gen. nov. (1), angular antero-dorsal margin in Cardium (2), largely fused cardinals (3), strongly protuberant posterior ribs in Bucardium (4), and anterior and posterior ventral lateral teeth about equidistant from cardinals in "Cardium" (5). Scale bars 10 mm.
Fig. 16 in The West African enigma: Systematics, evolution, and palaeobiogeography of cardiid bivalve Procardium
Fig. 16. Comparative rib cross-sections and rib sculpture for species of Procardium. Schematic drawings based on the third/fourth rib anterior to the midline, close to the margin of an adult shell. A. P. magnei sp. nov. B. P. jansseni sp. nov. (upper part of rib sculpure reconstructed). C. P. danubianum (rib sculpture undefined). D. P. kunstleri. E. P. aff. kunstleri. F. P. avisanense. G. P. diluvianum. H. P. indicum. Median rib, showing radial groove on rib top (H2). Note presence of microscopic granulations (white arrow) and secondary riblet in interspace (black arrow). Scale bar 5 mm.
Fig. 6 in The West African enigma: Systematics, evolution, and palaeobiogeography of cardiid bivalve Procardium
Fig. 6. Cardiid bivalve Procardium avisanense (Fontannes, 1879) from Tortonian (Miocene) of Cacela Velha, Portugal (A, B, E) and Serravallian (Miocene) of France, Salles, "Le Minoy"(C) and "l'Argileyre" (D). A. PH 20376, external view. B. PH 20376, external (B1) and internal (B2) views. C. PH 19296, internal (C1) and external (C2) views. D. RGM.794107.a, internal (D1) and external (D2) views. E. RGM.794104.c, detail of anterior sculpture. Scale bars: A–D, 50 mm; E, 10 mm.
Fig. 7 in Early ontogeny of Jurassic bakevelliids and their bearing on bivalve evolution
Fig. 7. Phylogeny hypothesis for the Pteriomorphia based on a combined analysis of genetic and morphological characters (after Giribet and Wheeler 2002: fig. 8; modified). The assumed position of larval key characters and of some fossil taxa are shown. Character states in brackets are based on indirect evidence from other character states, or, in the case of Pterineidae and Ambonychioidea, based on phylogeny hypotheses of Carter (1990). Character state L'4 of the Limopsoidea is suggested by observations of Malchus and Linse (unpublished).
Fig. 5. A–E. Morphotype 9. A. P2−LV in Early ontogeny of Jurassic bakevelliids and their bearing on bivalve evolution
Fig. 5. A–E. Morphotype 9. A. P2−LV, arrows indicate pd−outlet, BGR X10868−7; A1, entire valve, × 175; A2, close up of dorsal−posterior segment with pd−outlet, × 500; A3, close up of the two rows of gear wheel type, secondary denticles, typical of the LV, × 1250. B. P2, external; note that the valve was mounted before the significance of the pd−outlet was known; left or right cannot be established, therefore, BGR X10865−7, × 175. C. P2−RV, arrows indicate pd−outlet, BGR X10868−1; C1, entire valve, × 175; C2, close up of "gothic window frame" secondary denticles, × 1250. D. Articulated P2 valves viewed from back, left and right cannot be distinguished, BGR X10868−5, × 175. E. P2−RV, arrow indicates pd−outlet, BGR X10865−5; E1, close up of posterior valve margin, × 500; E2, entire valve from back, × 175. F. Pinnid (?Atrina sp.), recent, Mediterranean, P2−RV, BGR X10848−8; F1, close up of posterior valve margin, note interruption (black arrows) of interlocking margin type, × 400; F2, entire valve, arrow shows postion of pd−outlet, × 100; F3, close up of hinge, arrow indicates detached position of resilium, growing anteriorly, × 400.
Fig. 2. Morphotype 3. A. P2 in Early ontogeny of Jurassic bakevelliids and their bearing on bivalve evolution
Fig. 2. Morphotype 3. A. P2−RV, arrow indicates slight shell deflection in postero−dorsal margin, which corresponds to growth track of pd−outlet, BGR X10864−3, × 100. B, G. P2−RV, BGR X10864−5. B. Arrow indicates position of pd−outlet, × 100. G. Close up of posterior−dorsal shell margin with outlet, × 500. C. P2, articulated shell, RV on top, dorsal view, note equivalve condition, BGR X10861−3, × 100. D. P2−RV, BGR X10861−8, × 100. E. P2−LV, BGR X10849−8; E1, arrow indicates growth track and position of pd−outlet, × 100; E2, dorsal view, × 100; E3, close up of hinge area, arrow indicates leading edge of ligament, × 250. F. LV nepioconch with P2, BGR X10860−1. F1, dorsal view, position of ligament pits indicated (1−3), × 40; F2, ventral view of ligament area, 1st ligament pit broken, × 40; F, close up of P2, × 100. G. RV nepioconch with P2, BGR X10862−2. G, ventral view, × 40; G, dorsal view onto P2, × 40.
Hard to get, easy to lose: Evolution of mantle photoreceptor organs in bivalves (Bivalvia, Pteriomorphia)
<p>Morphologically diverse eyes have evolved numerous times, yet little is known about how eye gain and loss is related to photic environment. The pteriomorphian bivalves (e.g., oysters, scallops, and ark clams), with a remarkable range of photoreceptor organs and ecologies, are a suitable system to investigate the association between eye evolution and ecological shifts. The present phylogenetic framework was based on amino acid sequences from transcriptome datasets and nucleotide sequences of five additional genes. In total, 197 species comprising 22 families from all five pteriomorphian orders were examined, representing the greatest taxonomic sampling to date. Morphological data were acquired for 162 species and lifestyles were compiled from the literature for all 197 species. Photoreceptor organs occur in 11 families and have arisen exclusively in epifaunal lineages, i.e., living above the substrate, at least five times independently. Models for trait evolution consistently recovered higher rates of loss over gain. Transitions to crevice-dwelling habit appear associated with convergent gains of eyespots in epifaunal lineages. Once photoreceptor organs have arisen, multiple losses occurred in lineages that shift to burrowing lifestyles and deep-sea habitats. The observed patterns suggest that eye evolution in pteriomorphians might have evolved in association with light-guided behaviors, such as phototaxis, body posture, and alarm responses.</p>
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