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15 results for “Black Rock Forest”
Lake Sediment Pollen from Sutherland Pond in Black Rock Forest NY from 13899 BP to Present
Aim We analyzed a dataset composed of multiple palaeoclimate and lake-sediment pollen records from New England to explore how postglacial changes in the composition and spatial patterns of vegetation were controlled by regional-scale climate change, a subregional environmental gradient, and landscape-scale variations in soil characteristics. Location The 120,000-km2 study area includes parts of Vermont and New Hampshire in the north, where sites are 150-200 km from the Atlantic Ocean, and spans the coastline from southeastern New York to Cape Cod and the adjacent islands, including Block Island, the Elizabeth Islands, Nantucket, and Martha’s Vineyard. Results Boreal forest featuring Picea and Pinus banksiana was present across the region when conditions were cool and dry 14,000-12,000 calibrated 14C yrs before present (ybp). Pinus strobus became regionally dominant as temperatures increased between 12,000 and 10,000 ybp. The composition of forests in inland and coastal areas diverged in response to further warming after 10,000 ybp, when Quercus and Pinus rigida expanded across southern New England, while conditions remained cool enough in inland areas to maintain Pinus strobus. Increasing precipitation allowed Tsuga canadensis, Fagus grandifolia, and Betula to replace Pinus strobus in inland areas during 9000-8000 ybp, and also led to the expansion of Carya across the coastal part of the region beginning at 7000-6000 ybp. Abrupt cooling at 5500-5000 ybp caused sharp declines in Tsuga in inland areas and Quercus at some coastal sites, and the populations of those taxa remained low until they recovered around 3000 ybp in response to rising precipitation. Throughout most of the Holocene, sites underlain by sandy glacial deposits were occupied by Pinus rigida and Quercus. Main conclusions Postglacial changes in the composition and spatial pattern of New England forests were controlled by long-term trends and abrupt shifts in temperature and precipitation, as well as by
Inventory of Ants at the Black Rock Forest in Cornwall NY 2006-2015
Ants are key indicators of ecological change, but few studies have investigated how ant assemblages may respond to dramatic changes in vegetation structure in temperate forests. Pests and pathogens are causing widespread loss of dominant canopy tree species; ant species composition and abundance may be very sensitive to such losses. Prior to the experimental removal of red oak trees to simulate effects of sudden oak death and examine the long-term impact of oak loss at the Black Rock Forest (Cornwall, New York), we carried out a rapid assessment of the ant assemblage in the 10-hectare experimental area. We also determined the efficacy in a northern temperate forest of five different collecting methods - pitfall traps, litter samples, tuna-fish and cookie baits, and hand collection - routinely used to sample ants in tropical systems. A total of 33 species in 14 genera were collected and identified; the myrmecines Aphaenogaster rudis and Myrmica punctiventris, and the formicine Formica neogagates were the most common and abundant species encountered. Ninety-four percent (31 of 33) of the species were collected by litter sampling and structured hand sampling together, and we conclude that in combination, these two methods are sufficient to assess species richness and composition of ant assemblages in northern temperate forests. Using new, unbiased estimators, we project that 38-58 ant species are likely to occur at Black Rock Forest. Loss of oak from these forests may favor Camponotus species that nest in decomposing wood and open-habitat specialists in the genus Lasius.
Stage height, discharge, water temperature, pH, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen at Cascade Brook in Black Rock Forest, Cornwall, NY 1998 - 2015
Black Rock Forest established a stream monitoring station in the Cascade Brook watershed in 1998. The station is equipped with a 120-degree sharp-crested v-notch weir and was built to continuously monitor the flow, temperature, pH, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen content of the stream water in Cascade Brook in New York. The Cascade Brook watershed encompasses 135 hectares (334 acres), is generally a southern aspect, and has been little affected by human activity in the last century. The forest is deciduous and dominated by oak species. The station records data hourly, and while water chemistry sensors have been used intermittently through the decades, stage height and discharge has been measured consistently from1998 - 2015.
Weight, sex, age, beam diameter, antler points and teat length for harvested deer from 1984-2025 in Black Rock Forest, Cornwall, NY.
Data from white-tailed deer harvested within Black Rock Forest, Cornwall, New York are collected annually. Trained staff measure mass, antler beam diameter, and teat length (since 2010), estimate age via dentition, count antler points, and assess sex on all field-dressed deer. Heart girth, measured as chest circumference, was recorded from 1984 to 1998.
Percent cover of under- and mid-story vegetation and seedling counts in the Future of Oak Forests project at Black Rock Forest, Cornwall, NY.
Black Rock Forest established a series of 12, 0.56 ha plots in 2005 to assess impacts of the loss of tree in the genus Quercus on the forest ecosystem (entitled the Future of Oak Forests experiment). Three trunk girdling treatments, with control plots were instituted in 2008. Each plot also contained an ~10m by ~15m deer exclosure to assess the impact of herbivory post-disturbance. In 2006 and 2008, before exclosures were erected, pre-treatment surveys were conducted in all unexclosed (n=120) quadrats. Surveys of all 240 understory quadrats were conducted annually in late summer (August to September) from 2009 to 2018 and then again in 2021. At each quadrat, trained observers identified all vascular plants to species and assigned each species a percent cover value. The percent cover of moss was also recorded but moss species were not identified. Counts of tree seedlings and some woody shrubs were also recorded in addition to percent cover values. Seedlings were considered saplings, and therefore not counted, once they reached 1.3 m tall (breast height).
Black Rock Forest Spring Freeze Defoliation Radial Growth and Leaf-Level Gas Exchange
These data are from a study conducted at Black Rock Forest in Cornwall, New York, USA during 2020 and 2021. This study was conduct to assess the ecophysiological responses of red oak (Quercus rubra) and red maple (Acer rubrum) trees in a temperate broadleaf forests to a spring frost in 2020 that that defoliated red oak trees, but not red maples. We used 2021—a year without a defoliation event—as a reference year. The datasets include tree-level measurements of (1) basal area increment for the early growing season, late growing season, and entire growing season and (2) leaf-level gas exchange (Amax, gsw, and WUE) for red oak (Quercus rubra) and red maple (Acer rubrum). These data are associated with the manuscript “Compensatory Responses of Leaf Physiology Reduce Effects of Spring Frost Defoliation on Temperate Forest Tree Carbon Uptake” by Reinmann et al.2023 in Frontiers in Forests and Global Change.
Tree species, diameter, and canopy class records for 4-paired plots in Black Rock Forest, NY, since 1931.
Black Rock Forest maintains eight long-term forest monitoring plots in Cornwall, NY. Four pairs of plots were established in 1931 to compare thinning treatments to nearby control plots. Four plots are approximately 0.25 acres and the other four are 0.1 acres. Tree species, diameter at breast height, height and canopy class have been measured on all stems greater than 1 inch in diameter since 1931. Plots were revisited every five years until the 1990s and annually after 1994.
Tree species, diameter, regeneration, and herbaceous cover from 218 plots in 1985 in Black Rock Forest, NY.
A stand inventory was completed in 1985 in Black Rock Forest, Cornwall, NY across 3112 acres. Trees greater than 2" in diameter at breast height (DBH) were tallied using a 10 basal area factor prism in 218 plots across 71 stands. For each tree, species, DBH, number of eight foot pieces, overall form, crown class, and any special notes were recorded. Regeneration was measured at each location by tallying all trees less than 2" DBH in a 2-m radius plot. Shrub and herbaceous cover at each location were also tallied in a 2-m radius plot.
Whole-tree weight and mensurational data for 13 Quercus montana, 12 Quercus rubra, 12 Acer saccharum, and 21 Betula lenta trees harvested between 2000 and 2022 from Black Rock Forest, Cornwall, NY.
Fifty-eight trees ranging from 1.5 to 54.2 centimeters diameter at breast height from four dominant forest tree species in Black Rock Forest were felled, sectioned, and weighed immediately. Subsections were then dried to determine a dry-to-wet-weight ratio for each tree, which was used to determine total dried aboveground biomass for each tree. Stumps and leaves were included. These data enabled construction of species-specific formulae for each species to predict total tree aboveground dry biomass from dbh measurements of live trees for these four species from around the Black Rock Forest region.
Precipitation record from Old Headquarters, Black Rock Forest, Cornwall, NY 1960 - 2025
Black Rock Forest has been measuring precipitation using an aluminum bucket gauge since 1960. Total rainfall is measured after each event to the nearest hundredth of an inch. Snow depth is measured adjacent to the bucket and snow in the collection bucket is melted to determine the snow water equivalent. The gauge is located in a meadow at 129 Continental Road, Cornwall, New York.
Tree species identity, diameter and qualitative canopy health measurements (full, partial or dead) from 2005 to 2023 on 12 experimental oak loss plots in Black Rock Forest, NY.
Black Rock Forest established a series of 12, 0.56 ha plots in 2005 to assess impacts of the loss of tree in the genus Quercus on the forest ecosystem (entitled the Future of Oak Forests experiment). Three trunk girdling treatments, with control plots were instituted in 2008. Each plot also contained an ~10m by ~15m deer exclosure to assess the impact of herbivory post-disturbance. Trees were measured twice per year from 2008 to 2013 (except 2009 when trees were measured once) and once per year from 2014 to 2023. Data include tree species identity, diameter at breast height (DBH), canopy health (a qualitative assessment of approximate cover as full, partial or dead), presence/absence of sprouts, and location within the plot. All live trees equal to or larger than 2.5 cm DBH are included in the dataset.
Acorn mast data (1995-2025), Black Rock Forest, Cornwall, NY
Acorn abundance has been tracked annually since 1995 at Black Rock Forest (BRF), Cornwall, NY between September and October to coincide with peak acorn drop. From 1995 to 2010 all acorns were counted within a circular plot thrown 10 times at 15 to 20 locations throughout BRF. Beginning in 2004 individual oak trees were visited and DBH and number of acorns under the drip line of the tree were counted at the same 15 to 20 locations within BRF. Beginning in 2024 four 1-meter square quadrats were used to count acorns under 10 trees at each location.
Open Lowland Environmental Monitoring Station, Black Rock Forest, NY, raw hourly data
Black Rock Forest maintains the Open Lowland real-time weather station at 129 Continental Rd, Cornwall, NY. The system was designed to measure air temperature (average, maximum, minimum), relative humidity (average, maximum, minimum), average vapor pressure, dew point temperature, photosynthetically active solar radiation, net global solar radiation, mean horizontal wind speed, mean wind direction, standard deviation of wind direction, maximum wind speed, precipitation amount, barometric pressure (average, maximum, minimum), and average soil temperature at two depths. Other sensors are used to measure snow depth, CO2 concentration, and albedo. Data are collected from the Open Lowland Station using a CR1000. Most instruments have a sample interval of 1 minute. The program records averages, minimum or maximum of those 1-minute readings every hour. Rainfall is totals for the 1 hour period.
Pellet group surveys of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Black Rock Forest, Cornwall, NY 2014-2024.
Black Rock Forest in Cornwall, NY began using deer pellet group surveys in 2014 to assess deer abundance. Observers walked set transects and recorded the number of pellet groups in a 1.2m radius circular plot every 30.5m. Data include, date, transect location within Black Rock Forest, observer, number of pellet groups per plot, and observations.
Future of Oak Forests experiment - DBH of trees in Black Rock Forest, New York, USA, 2007.
This data set contains the measurement of diameter at breast height (1.4 meters above ground) (dbh) for individual non-oak and oak trees at the Future of Oak Forests (FOF) experiment in Black Rock Forest (Cornwall, NY) during July and August of 2007. The North Slope site contains 12 square-shaped plots, each of 75 meters by 75 meters. Each plot was subdivided into nine equal-sized subplots, each of 25 meters by 25 meters. Within each plot, all individual oak trees with dbh of at least 2.4 centimeters were measured using metric DBH tapes (e.g. Lufkin executive thinline). Within each center subplot of a plot, all individual non-oak trees with dbh of at least 2.4 centimeters were measured using metric DBH tapes (e.g. Lufkin executive thinline). This data can be used to study the individual variation and metabolic scaling of oak and non-oak species in the Forest.
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