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12 results for “Blacklegged tick”
Data for: Multi-omics analysis identifies symbionts and pathogens of blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis) from a Lyme disease hotspot in southeastern Ontario, Canada
<p>Ticks in the family Ixodidae are recognized as important vectors of zoonoses including Lyme disease (LD), which is caused by spirochete bacteria from the <em>Borreliella</em> (<em>Borrelia</em>) <em>burgdorferi</em> sensu lato (<em>Bbsl</em>) complex. The blacklegged tick (<em>Ixodes scapulars</em>) continues to expand across Canada, creating hotspots of elevated LD risk at the leading edge of its expansion range. Current efforts to understand the risk of pathogen transmission associated with <em>I. scapularis</em> in Canada focus primarily on targeted screens, while variation in the tick microbiome remains poorly understood. Using multi-omics consisting of 16S metabarcoding and ribosome-depleted, whole-shotgun RNA transcriptome sequencing, we examined the microbial communities associated with adult <em>I. scapularis</em> (N = 32), sampled from four tissue types (whole tick, salivary glands, midgut, and viscera) and three geographical locations within an LD hotspot near Kingston, Ontario. The communities consisted of both endosymbiotic and known or potentially pathogenic microbes, including RNA viruses, bacteria, and a <em>Babesia</em> sp. intracellular parasite. We show that β-diversity is significantly higher between individual tick salivary gland and midgut bacterial communities, compared to whole ticks; while linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) determined that the three potentially pathogenic bacteria detected by V4 16S rDNA sequencing were also discriminatory for dissected tissues only, including a <em>Borrelia</em> from the <em>Bbsl</em> complex, <em>Borrelia miyamotoi</em>, and <em>Anaplasma phagocytophilum. </em>Importantly, we find co-infection of <em>I. scapularis</em> by multiple microbes, in contrast to diagnostic protocols for LD, which typically focus on infection from a single pathogen of interest (<em>B. burgdorferi</em> sensu stricto).</p>
Data for: Off-host survival of blacklegged ticks in eastern North America: A multi-stage, multi-year, and multi-site study
<p>Climatic conditions are widely thought to govern the distribution and abundance of ectoparasites, such as the blacklegged tick (<em>Ixodes scapularis</em>), vector of the agents of Lyme disease and other emerging human pathogens. However, translating physiological tolerances to distributional limits or mortality is challenging. Ticks may be able to avoid or tolerate unsuitable conditions, and what is lethal to one life history stage may not extend to others. Thus, even after decades of research there are clear gaps in our knowledge about how climatic conditions determine tick distributions or patterns of abundance. We present the results of a comprehensive, three-year study of the influence of local temperatures and vapor pressure deficits on the survival of each free-living, off-host stage of <em>I. scapularis</em> in semi-natural enclosures across three locations that span their current distribution in eastern North America. We found that only larvae are clearly sensitive to direct mortality from climatic conditions, specifically desiccating conditions, whereas mortality of nymphs and adults appears to stem from exhausted energy reserves. We also found strong evidence that key developmental transitions in the tick's life cycle—fed larvae molting into to nymphs, fed nymphs molting into adults, and fed females producing larvae (via egg masses)—were all strongly temperature-dependent, though temperatures were not limiting in any of our sites. Collectively, our results suggest that climate is likely to impact <em>I. scapularis</em> largely through its impact on the larval stage.</p>
Data for: Off-host survival of blacklegged ticks in eastern North America: A multi-stage, multi-year, and multi-site study
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Data for: Multi-omics analysis identifies symbionts and pathogens of blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis) from a Lyme disease hotspot in southeastern Ontario, Canada
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Data from: Responses of juvenile blacklegged ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) to hosts of varying quality
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Blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis, reduce predation risk by eavesdropping on communication signals of Formica oreas thatching ants
<p>Ticks spend most of their life inhabiting leaf litter and detritus where they are protected from sun but preyed upon by ants. Ants secrete chemical communication signals to coordinate group tasks such as nest defense. Ticks that avoid ant semiochemicals – as indicators of ant presence – would reduce predation risk by ants. We tested the hypotheses that (1) chemical deposits from the thatching ant <em>Formica</em> <em>oreas</em> deter blacklegged ticks,<em> Ixodes scapularis</em>, (2) deterrent semiochemicals originate from the ants' poison and/or Dufour's gland(s), and (3) tick-deterrent semiochemicals serve as alarm-recruitment pheromone components in <em>F. oreas</em>. In two-choice olfactometer bioassays, filter paper soiled with ant chemical deposits significantly deterred female and male ticks. Poison and Dufour's gland extracts deterred ticks in combination but not alone. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analyses of gland extracts revealed formic acid as the major constituent in the poison gland and 8 hydrocarbons as constituents in the Dufour's gland. Synthetic formic acid and hydrocarbons deterred ticks only when combined. <em>F. oreas</em> workers sprayed both formic acid and hydrocarbons when distressed. A synthetic blend of these compounds elicited alarm-recruitment responses by <em>F. oreas</em> in behavioural bioassays. All results combined indicate that ticks eavesdrop on the ants' communication system.</p>
Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi and diversity of its outer surface protein C (ospC) alleles in blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis) in Delaware
<p>Characterizing the diversity of genes associated with virulence and transmission of a pathogen across the pathogen's distribution can inform our understanding of host infection risk. <em>Borrelia burgdorferi</em> is a vector-borne bacterium that causes Lyme disease in humans and is common in the United States. The outer surface protein C (<em>ospC</em>) gene of <em>B</em>. <em>burgdorferi</em> exhibits substantial genetic variation across the pathogen's distribution and plays a critical role in virulence and transmission in vertebrate hosts. In fact, <em>B. burgdorferi </em>infections that disseminate across host tissues in humans are associated with only a subset of <em>ospC</em> alleles. Delaware has a high incidence of Lyme disease, but the diversity of <em>ospC</em> in <em>B. burgdorferi</em> in the state has not been evaluated. We used PCR to amplify <em>ospC</em> in <em>B. burgdorferi</em>-infected blacklegged ticks (<em>Ixodes</em> <em>scapularis</em>) in sites statewide and used short-read sequencing to identify <em>ospC</em> alleles. <em>B. burgdorferi</em> prevalence in blacklegged ticks varied across sites, but not significantly so. We identified 15 previously characterized <em>ospC</em> alleles accounting for nearly all of the expected diversity of alleles across the sites as estimated using the Chao1 index. Nearly 40% of sequenced infections (23/58) had more than one <em>ospC</em> allele present suggesting mixed strain infections and the relative frequencies of alleles in single infections were positively correlated with their relative frequencies in mixed infections. Turnover of ospC alleles was positively related to distance between sites with closer sites having more similar allele compositions than more distant sites. This suggests a degree of <em>B. burgdorferi</em> dispersal limitation or habitat specialization. <em>OspC</em> alleles known to cause disseminated infections in humans were found at the highest frequencies across sites, corresponding to Delaware's high incidence of Lyme disease.</p>
Data from: Tracking seasonal activity of the western blacklegged tick across California
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Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi and diversity of its outer surface protein C (ospC) alleles in blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis) in Delaware
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Data from: Population structure, ancestral admixture, gene flow, and landscape association of blacklegged ticks during range expansion in the Midwestern U.S.
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Blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis, reduce predation risk by eavesdropping on communication signals of Formica oreas thatching ants
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Data from: Whole genome sequencing reveals clade-specific genetic variation in blacklegged ticks
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