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Text-fig. 9. a. Shorn-off, vertically embedded conch surrounded by layer of crinoid debris at level of planation of shell and with some debris within the conch at this level. Lateral width of body-chamber 80 mm. b. Example of ammonite that occurs rarely in the Main Cenoceras Bed. Note the poorly defined shell particularly on the outer whorl, suggesting partial dissolution. Tape measure for scale. in 'Cenoceras Islands' In The Blue Lias Formation (Lower Jurassic) Of West Somerset, Uk: Nautilid Dominance And Influence On Benthic Faunas
Text-fig. 9. a. Shorn-off, vertically embedded conch surrounded by layer of crinoid debris at level of planation of shell and with some debris within the conch at this level. Lateral width of body-chamber 80 mm. b. Example of ammonite that occurs rarely in the Main Cenoceras Bed. Note the poorly defined shell particularly on the outer whorl, suggesting partial dissolution. Tape measure for scale.
Data from: Species interactions, environmental gradients and body size shape population niche width
<p>Competition for shared resources is commonly assumed to restrict population-level niche width of coexisting species. However, the identity and abundance of coexisting species, the prevailing environmental conditions, and the individual body size may shape the effects of interspecific interactions on species' niche width.</p> <p>Here we study the effects of inter- and intraspecific interactions, lake area and altitude, and fish body size on the trophic niche width and resource use of a generalist predator, the littoral-dwelling large, sparsely-rakered morph of European whitefish (<i>Coregonus lavaretus</i>; hereafter LSR whitefish). We use stable isotope, diet and survey fishing data from 14 subarctic lakes along an environmental gradient in northern Norway.</p> <p>The isotopic niche width of LSR whitefish showed a humped-shaped relationship with increasing relative abundance of sympatric competitors, suggesting widest population niche at intermediate intensity of interspecific interactions. The isotopic niche width of LSR whitefish tended to decrease with increasing altitude, suggesting reduced niche in colder, less productive lakes.</p> <p>LSR whitefish typically shifted to a higher trophic position and increased reliance on littoral food resources with increasing body size, although between-lake differences in ontogenetic niche shifts were evident. In most lakes, LSR whitefish relied less on littoral food resources than coexisting fishes and the niche overlap between sympatric competitors was most evident among relatively large individuals (>250 mm). Individual niche variation was highest among >200 mm long LSR whitefish, which likely have escaped the predation window of sympatric predators.</p> <p>We demonstrate that intermediate intensity of interspecific interactions may broaden species' niche width, whereas strong competition for limited resources and high predation risk may suppress niche width in less productive environments. Acknowledging potential humped-shaped relationships between population niche width and interspecific interactions can help us understand species' responses to environmental disturbance (e.g., climate change and species invasions) as well as the driving forces of niche specialization.</p>
Distribution. Angola, DR Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, and Zambia. Description. Head-body 46:5-47-8 cm (males), 44-45-5 cm (females), tail 40-43 cm (males), 38-39 cm (females), hindfoot 8:7-9-8 cm (males), 8-9 cm (females), ear 4-7-5-4 cm (males), 5-1-5-8 cm (females); weight 1-3-2 kg. The coat color is pale ocher, with brownish or grayish tones; melanistic individuals are quite common. The throat and chest are blackish, and the ventral pelage varies from creamy white to dirty white. The stripes and spots on the body vary from different hues of brown to black. The nuchal stripes run as two parallel lines from the nape to the shoulders, where they diverge and enlarge towards the elbows; they are not so conspicuously marked as in other genet species. Below them, a pair of thinner stripes and small spots are scattered on the shoulders and sides of the neck. A third pair of thinner, parallel stripes runs down the neck between the nuchal stripes, extending to about one fourth of the mid-dorsal line, where they vanish or diverge as the first row of flank spots. The black mid-dorsal line is continuous and is flanked on each side by four rows of oblong to squared spots, and by a few small-scattered spots below. There is a dorsal erectile crest. The face has a dark mask and a pair of white sub-ocular spots. The tail has seven to nine black rings, alternating with pale rings; the intervening white spaces are pigmented with a brownish tinge on the dorsal midline. The width of the pale rings relative to the dark rings in the middle of the tail is 50-75%; the tip of the tail is dark. The hindlimbs and forelimbs are black; there are white hairs on the metacarpals and metatarsals. [he posterior parts of the feet are dark. There are two pairs of teats. The posterior chamber of the auditory bulla is not ventrally inflated and has a continuous curve line on the external side. The ratio between the inter-orbital constriction and frontal width is 1-00 + 0-12. Dental formula: 13/3, C1/1,P 4/4, M 2/2 = 40. in Viverridae
Distribution. Angola, DR Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, and Zambia. Description. Head-body 46:5-47-8 cm (males), 44-45-5 cm (females), tail 40-43 cm (males), 38-39 cm (females), hindfoot 8:7-9-8 cm (males), 8-9 cm (females), ear 4-7-5-4 cm (males), 5-1-5-8 cm (females); weight 1-3-2 kg. The coat color is pale ocher, with brownish or grayish tones; melanistic individuals are quite common. The throat and chest are blackish, and the ventral pelage varies from creamy white to dirty white. The stripes and spots on the body vary from different hues of brown to black. The nuchal stripes run as two parallel lines from the nape to the shoulders, where they diverge and enlarge towards the elbows; they are not so conspicuously marked as in other genet species. Below them, a pair of thinner stripes and small spots are scattered on the shoulders and sides of the neck. A third pair of thinner, parallel stripes runs down the neck between the nuchal stripes, extending to about one fourth of the mid-dorsal line, where they vanish or diverge as the first row of flank spots. The black mid-dorsal line is continuous and is flanked on each side by four rows of oblong to squared spots, and by a few small-scattered spots below. There is a dorsal erectile crest. The face has a dark mask and a pair of white sub-ocular spots. The tail has seven to nine black rings, alternating with pale rings; the intervening white spaces are pigmented with a brownish tinge on the dorsal midline. The width of the pale rings relative to the dark rings in the middle of the tail is 50-75%; the tip of the tail is dark. The hindlimbs and forelimbs are black; there are white hairs on the metacarpals and metatarsals. [he posterior parts of the feet are dark. There are two pairs of teats. The posterior chamber of the auditory bulla is not ventrally inflated and has a continuous curve line on the external side. The ratio between the inter-orbital constriction and frontal width is 1-00 + 0-12. Dental formula: 13/3, C1/1,P 4/4, M 2/2 = 40.
Fig. 5 in Allometric Relationships between Body Width and Horn Size in the Dung Beetle Onthophagus hecate (Panzer, 1794) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)
Fig. 5. Relationship between pronotum (mm) and clYpeus widths (mm). A) Violin and box plot showing the distribution of clypeus widths for male and female O. hecate. Significant Wilcoxon test (W = 694, p <0.001) indicated bY ***. B) Relationships between clYpeus width and pronotum width for male (♂) and female (♀) O. hecate beetles. Regression equations for male and female beetles are indicated (model with interaction: F = 770, p <0.001, adjusted R2 = 0.91). 3,233 Outlier (ID: "20624O2-6m") is indicated by a black outline around the point. C) Violin and box plot of the distribution of pronotum widths for male and female O. hecate. Wilcoxon test (W = 6611, p = 0.61) showed no significant differences between sexes. Diamonds in panels A and C indicate means for male and female beetles.
Fig. 2. Onthophagus hecate. Representative male with a in Allometric Relationships between Body Width and Horn Size in the Dung Beetle Onthophagus hecate (Panzer, 1794) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)
Fig. 2. Onthophagus hecate. Representative male with a large pronotal horn with four protuberances: A) Dorsal, B) Lateral. Representative male with a small pronotal horn with two protuberances: C) Dorsal, D) Lateral. Representative female: E) Dorsal, F) Ventral. Black arrows indicate bifurcation and protuberances. White lines indicate the pronotum width representing the body size (solid line in A) and pronotal horn size (dashed lines in A and E). The black dashed line in (B) indicates the clypeus height used in this study. Females do not develop a prominent clypeus; however, we measured its height using equivalent points (F). Scale bars: 1 mm. One scale bar is used for A, C, and E, and a second scale bar for B and D, and a third for F.
Data from: Species interactions, environmental gradients and body size shape population niche width
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Fig. 4 in Allometric Relationships between Body Width and Horn Size in the Dung Beetle Onthophagus hecate (Panzer, 1794) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)
Fig. 4. Relationship between male pronotal horn length (mm) and the number of protuberances on the horn. The logistic regression is indicated with a black line, and the 95% CI indicated in grey (χ2 = 13.2, df = 1, p <0.001). Pronotal horn length, where 95% of beetles are likely to have two protuberances (3.65 mm) or four protuberances (4.27 mm), are indicated with dashed lines and arrows; where two or four protuberances are equally likely (3.97 mm) is indicated with a dashed line. Drawings of O. hecate male heads and pronotums with two and four protuberances are included.
Fig. 3 in Allometric Relationships between Body Width and Horn Size in the Dung Beetle Onthophagus hecate (Panzer, 1794) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)
Fig. 3. Relationship between pronotum width (mm) and pronotal lengths (mm) in Onthophagus hecate. A) Violin and box plot showing the distribution of pronotum lengths with horns (males) or ridges (females). A significant Wilcoxon test (W = 2524, p <0.001) indicated bY ***. B) Relationships between pronotal horn length and pronotum width for male (♂) and female (♀) beetles. Regression equations for male and female beetles are as follows (male: F1,153 = 1493, p <0.001, adjusted R2 = 0.91; female: F = 1266, p <0.001, adjusted R2 = 0.94). Outlier (ID: "20624O2-6m") is indi1,79 cated by a black outline around the point. C) Violin and box plot of the distribution of pronotum width for males and females. A Wilcoxon test (W = 6611, p = 0.61) showed no significant differences between sexes. Diamonds in panels A and C indicate means for male and female beetles.
Fig. 1 in Allometric Relationships between Body Width and Horn Size in the Dung Beetle Onthophagus hecate (Panzer, 1794) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)
Fig. 1. Map of Onthophagus hecate distribution in the US and Canada. States and provinces were filled in based on records from Bezanson and Floate (2019). Yellow points indicate GPS locations of preserved specimens retrieved from GBIF in June 2022.
the Relationship Between Vertebral Body Length, Subarachnoid Space Width and Block Level
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05201261. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 0. Publications: 0.
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