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Fig.ç23.A mblyops sp. 2, female (NSMT-Cr 21368). A, anterior part of body (dorsal); B, antennal scale (right, dorsal); C, apical part of antennal scale (right, dorsal); D, third thoracopodal endopod (right); E, distal part of the same limb (right); F, fourth thoracopod (right); G, distal part of the same limb (right); H, uropodal endopod (le, ventral); I, anterior half of telson. in The Genus Amblyops (Crustacea: Mysida: Mysidae: Erythropinae) from East Asia and Australia, with Descriptions of Ten New Species
Fig.ç23.A mblyops sp. 2, female (NSMT-Cr 21368). A, anterior part of body (dorsal); B, antennal scale (right, dorsal); C, apical part of antennal scale (right, dorsal); D, third thoracopodal endopod (right); E, distal part of the same limb (right); F, fourth thoracopod (right); G, distal part of the same limb (right); H, uropodal endopod (le, ventral); I, anterior half of telson.
Fig. 4 in Body mass estimation in Triassic cynodonts from Argentina based on limb variables
Fig. 4. Logarithmic scale representation of the body mass ranges of adult forms of amniotes Chañares and Ischigualasto formations, Triassic of Argentina. Body masses for Cynognathia obtained in this work (black silhouettes) compared with other amniotes known from these formations (white silhouettes). Cynodonts Chiniquodon sanjuanensis Martínez and Forster, 1996, and Probainognathus jenseni Romer, 1970; the dicynodont Dinodontosaurus brevirostris Cox, 1968; and archosauriforms Lagerpeton chanarensis Romer, 1971a, Chanaresuchus sp. (includes C. bonapartei Romer, 1971b, and C. ischigualastensis Trotteyn, Martínez and Alcober, 2012), paracrocodylomorphs and the dinosaur Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis Reig, 1963. The horizontal length of the rectangles represents the body mass range for the genus. The silhouettes are not to scale.
Fig. 2 in Body mass estimation in Triassic cynodonts from Argentina based on limb variables
Fig. 2. Measurements used in this work based on Toledo et al. (2014), as illustrated using the 3D model of the left humerus and femur of Andescynodon mendozensis Bonaparte, 1969 (PVL 3894-1) from the Cerro de las Cabras Formation (upper Anisian), Villa de Potrerillos, Mendoza province, Argentina. A. Humerus in anterior (A1) and distal (A2) views. B. Femur in anterior (B1) and distal (B2) views. Scale bars 10 mm.
Fig. 1. Cynognathia phylogeny plotted onto a in Body mass estimation in Triassic cynodonts from Argentina based on limb variables
Fig. 1. Cynognathia phylogeny plotted onto a stratigraphic scale showing the known observed temporal ranges of taxa. Taxa studied in this contribution are in bold. Modified from Hendrickx et al. (2020). Thick dashed lines indicate separation between periods; thin dotted lines indicate separation between ages.
Fig. 5 in Body mass estimation in Triassic cynodonts from Argentina based on limb variables
Fig. 5. Stacked area chart of animal size (after values of the skull length for Therapsida and skull or limb bone lengths, when skull is not preserved, for Archosauromorpha) from the Argentinean Triassic units: Cerro de La Cabras, Río Seco de la Quebrada, Chañares, and Ischigualasto formations. A. Therapsida (Cynodontia plus Dicynodontia). B. Amniota (Therapsida plus Archosauromorpha). Small, maximum skull length below 150 mm; medium, skull length 150–250 mm; large, maximum skull length greater than 250 mm. Fm., Formation.
Fig. 3 in Body mass estimation in Triassic cynodonts from Argentina based on limb variables
Fig. 3. Cynognathians studied in this work (all in anterior views). A. Left humerus of Exaeretodon argentinus Cabrera, 1943 (PVL 2554) from the Ischigualasto Formation (upper Carnian), Hoyada de Ischigualasto, San Juan, Argentina. B. Right humerus (mirrored) of Cynognathus crateronotus Seeley, 1895 (PVL 3859) from the Río Seco de la Quebrada Formation (lower Carnian), Puesto Viejo, Mendoza province, Argentina. C. Left humerus of Andescynodon mendozensis Bonaparte, 1969 (PVL 3894-1) from the Cerro de las Cabras Formation (upper Anisian), Villa de Potrerillos, Mendoza province, Argentina. D. Left humerus of Massetognathus pascuali Romer, 1967 (PVL 5444) from the Chañares Formation (lower Carnian), Campo de Talampaya, La Rioja province, Argentina. E. Right humerus (mirrored) from Pascualgnathus polanskii Bonaparte, 1966 (MLP 65-VI-18-1) from the Río Seco de la Quebrada Formation (lower Carnian), Puesto Viejo, Mendoza province, Argentina. Scale bars 10 mm.
Planetary body limb and plume labels for NASA images
<p>This data set was compiled to aid in evaluating methods for automated analysis of images to detect planetary bodies and limbs. It contains manually generated labels for 308 NASA images of planets and moons. The labels annotate the location of the limb (edge) of the body and plumes emitted by the body, if any. "Plume" in this context refers to any bright material emitted from the body, such as icy plumes from Enceladus or volcanic plumes from Io. 112 of the labeled images contain plumes.</p> <p><strong>Contents:</strong></p> <p>This data set covers images collected by the following instruments:</p> <ol> <li>Cassini Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS)</li> <li>Galileo Solid-State Imaging (SSI)</li> <li>MESSENGER Mercury Dual Imaging System (MDIS)</li> <li>New Horizons Long Rang Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) </li> </ol> <p>The target bodies include the planet Mercury; Jupiter's moons Callisto, Europa, Ganymede, and Io; and Saturn's moon Enceladus. </p> <p>There is a directory for each instrument_target combination:</p> <ul> <li>cassini_iss_enceladus/: Cassini ISS narrow-angle camera observations of Saturn's moon Enceladus</li> <li>galileo_ssi_callisto/: Galileo SSI observations of Jupiter's moon Callisto</li> <li>galileo_ssi_europa/: Galileo SSI observations of Jupiter's moon Europa</li> <li>galileo_ssi_ganymede/: Galileo SSI observations of Jupiter's moon Ganymede</li> <li>galileo_ssi_io/: Galileo SSI observations of Jupiter's moon Io</li> <li>messenger_mdis_mercury/: MESSENGER MDIS narrow-angle and wide-angle observations of Mercury </li> <li>new_horizons_lorri_io/: New Horizons LORRI observations of Jupiter's moon Io</li> </ul> <p>Source images: The images that are associated with each label file can be obtained from the Planetary Data System (PDS) at <a href="https://pds-imaging.jpl.nasa.gov/search">https://pds-imaging.jpl.nasa.gov/search</a> . For Cassini ISS, MESSENGER MDIS, and New Horizons LORRI images, search on the product id from the label filename. For example, the product id for </p> <pre><code class="language-bash">lor_0035092814_0x630_sci_label.yml </code></pre> <p>is</p> <pre><code class="language-bash">lor_0035092814_0x630_sci</code></pre> <p>For Galileo SSI images, the filename does not include the product id. A list of the source product ids is included in the file named </p> <pre><code class="language-bash">galileo_image_ids.txt</code></pre> <p><strong>Label format:</strong></p> <p>Labels are stored in YAML format. The limb is annotated as a series of points marked along the limb such that a least-squares circle fit of those points provides a model of the body's limb ("points" field). Plumes, when present, are indicated as one or more angular ranges (in radians) around the limb within which plume activity is present ("plumes"->"intervals" field). Angles are specified starting with 0 radians (up) and proceeding clockwise. The user who generated the labels is recorded in the "user" field. </p> <p>Example (galileo_ssi_io/0085r_label.yml):</p> <p>Six points define the limb of the body, and there are two areas of plume activity. </p> <pre><code class="language-bash">comment: Points are in (x, y), i.e. (col, row), order. plumes: comment: Intervals in radians intervals: - [2.8540078295092326, 3.020573420947303] - [3.219430581132992, 3.352047930386058] user: mcameron points: - [123.09103311855094, 322.15933747194225] - [143.78220150957688, 79.06162214909591] - [89.23475042871942, 219.0261628709045] - [256.9650789538681, 407.0275241755675] - [176.84241267100913, 375.9514805780413] - [113.07652569773596, 121.72097703075002] user: mcameron</code></pre> <p><strong>Attribution: </strong></p> <p>If you use this data set in your own work, please cite this DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2556063 . </p>
Figure 5 in Locomotion in terrestrial mammals: the influence of body mass, limb length and bone proportions on speed
Figure 5. Regression plots of anatomical variables to log running speed in km h-1, showing the distinct curvilinearity of some of the samples, in this case, log forelimb length in mm (a) and olecranon process/radius ratio (b). The polynomial regression model yielded a significantly better fit to the data than ordinary least squares regression lines. For equation see Table 5.
Figure 1. Phylogenetic relationships between the 76 in Locomotion in terrestrial mammals: the influence of body mass, limb length and bone proportions on speed
Figure 1. Phylogenetic relationships between the 76 species of mammals used in the study. Numbers adjacent to the nodes refer to split ages in units of millions of years. Total height of tree is 85 million years. Literature sources used in constructing the tree are Kielan-Jaworowska et al. (1979), Bennett (1980), Janis (1982), Savage & Russel (1983), Lanave et al. (1985), Shoshani (1986), Janis & Scott (1987), Wayne & O'Brien (1987), Gentry & Hooker (1988), Flynn et al. (1988), Novacek et al. (1988), Padmadisastra (1988), Prothero et al. (1988), Tassy & Shoshani (1988), Georgiadis et al. (1990), Marshall (1990), Miyamoto et al. (1990), Nowak (1991), Geffen et al. (1992), Novacek (1992a,b), Garland & Janis (1993), Wyss & Flynn (1993), Flynn (1996), Hunt (1996), Foote et al. (1999) and Penny et al. (1999).
Figure 3 in Locomotion in terrestrial mammals: the influence of body mass, limb length and bone proportions on speed
Figure 3. Regression plots of independent contrasts for fore limb parameters. Log running speed is in km h-1. a, Fore limb length in mm/3÷body mass in kg; b, radius/humerus ratio; c, metacarpus/humerus ratio; d, olecranon process length in mm/ 3÷body mass in kg. Regression lines fitted to the contrasts by means of least squares (model I) analysis.
Figure 4 in Locomotion in terrestrial mammals: the influence of body mass, limb length and bone proportions on speed
Figure 4. Regression plots of independent contrasts for hind limb parameters. Log running speed is in km h-1. a, Hind limb length in mm/3÷body mass in kg; b, metatarsus/femur ratio; c, cnemial crest height in mm/3÷body mass in kg; d, calcaneal tuber length in mm/3÷body mass in kg. Regression lines fitted to the contrasts by means of least squares (model I) analysis.
Figure 2 in Locomotion in terrestrial mammals: the influence of body mass, limb length and bone proportions on speed
Figure 2. Plots of standardized contrasts to their standard deviations. a, log forelimb length in mm; b, radius/humerus ratio; c, metacarpus/humerus ratio; d, tibia/femur ratio; e, cnemial crest height in mm/3÷body mass in kilograms; f, calcaneal tuber/metatarsus ratio.
Data from: Shell constraints on evolutionary body size-limb size allometry can explain morphological conservatism in the turtle body plan
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Figure 3 in A Computational Analysis of Limb and Body Dimensions in Tyrannosaurus rex with Implications for Locomotion, Ontogeny, and Growth
Figure 3. Models: right lateral view. See Figure 2ı but skeleton scans/models are ordered from top to bottom. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026037.g003
Figure 5. Muscle mass reconstruction method for M in A Computational Analysis of Limb and Body Dimensions in Tyrannosaurus rex with Implications for Locomotion, Ontogeny, and Growth
Figure 5. Muscle mass reconstruction method for M. caudofemoralis longus (see Methods); Carnegie specimen depicted. Dorsal and right lateral views are shown on topı and in the bottom row are caudal views of the right femur and then caudal vertebrae (8th and 17th). Red shaded volumes are the M. caudofemoralis longus reconstruction. Note a small space for M. caudofemoralis brevis (not reconstructed) is left around the ilium/sacrum and lateral to the CFL insertion. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026037.g005
Figure 2 in A Computational Analysis of Limb and Body Dimensions in Tyrannosaurus rex with Implications for Locomotion, Ontogeny, and Growth
Figure 2. Models: cranial view. From left to right for each specimen: 3D scan of skeleton (not shown for Jane due to copyright issues)ı minimal modelı and maximal model. Not to scale. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026037.g002
Figure 1 in A Computational Analysis of Limb and Body Dimensions in Tyrannosaurus rex with Implications for Locomotion, Ontogeny, and Growth
Figure 1. Modelling procedureı showing the Carnegie specimen. From left to rightı top to bottom these show the scannedı reconstructedı and straightened skeleton; the skeleton with elliptical hoops that define fleshy boundaries; the air spaces representing pharynxı sinusesı lungs and other airways including air sacs; and the final meshed reconstruction used for mass and COM estimates. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026037.g001
Highly variable (no clear pattern). All portions of the dorsal views were equally used. In head images the area around the eye, the top of the head, the snout and the throat were all used in similar proportions. P. carbonelli Variable for both views. Snout and middle of the dorsum used in dorsal view. Top of the head most frequently (but not strictly) used in lateral view. P. guadarramae Whole body used for dorsal view (but variable); either throat (most common) or ear region used in head lateral views. P. hispanicus Variable. Anterior portion of snout used more frequently than in other species for both dorsal and head lateral views. P. liolepis Highly variable. Whole body used in most dorsal images, area around the eye and throat used in head lateral views, but other patterns common. P. lusitanicus Highly variable. All parts of the dorsum used (but frequently the most posterior part); area around the ear frequently used in head lateral images. P. tunesiacus Highly variable. Dorsal area near the insertion of the posterior limbs used more frequently than in other species; different regions of the head used, often simultaneously. P. Ʋaucheri Highly variable. Different regions of dorsum (from head to the posterior region) used in dorsal images, all portions of the head, but most frequently the throat, used in lateral images. P. Ʋirescens Highly variable. All parts of both images used. Head and anterior part of the dorsum more used than in other species. in Identification of morphologically cryptic species with computer vision models: wall lizards (Squamata: Lacertidae: Podarcis) as a case study
Highly variable (no clear pattern). All portions of the dorsal views were equally used. In head images the area around the eye, the top of the head, the snout and the throat were all used in similar proportions. P. carbonelli Variable for both views. Snout and middle of the dorsum used in dorsal view. Top of the head most frequently (but not strictly) used in lateral view. P. guadarramae Whole body used for dorsal view (but variable); either throat (most common) or ear region used in head lateral views. P. hispanicus Variable. Anterior portion of snout used more frequently than in other species for both dorsal and head lateral views. P. liolepis Highly variable. Whole body used in most dorsal images, area around the eye and throat used in head lateral views, but other patterns common. P. lusitanicus Highly variable. All parts of the dorsum used (but frequently the most posterior part); area around the ear frequently used in head lateral images. P. tunesiacus Highly variable. Dorsal area near the insertion of the posterior limbs used more frequently than in other species; different regions of the head used, often simultaneously. P. Ʋaucheri Highly variable. Different regions of dorsum (from head to the posterior region) used in dorsal images, all portions of the head, but most frequently the throat, used in lateral images. P. Ʋirescens Highly variable. All parts of both images used. Head and anterior part of the dorsum more used than in other species.
The Effect of Gait Imagery on the Muscular Activity of Lower Limbs and Lower Body Kinematics in Stroke Survivors
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT07347756. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
The Effect of Upper Limb Loading During Partial Body Weight Support Treadmill Training in Children With Cerebral Palsy
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05444387. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 57.
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