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17 results for “Body shape variation”
F I G U R E 5 in Length-weight relationships of 55 mesopelagic fishes from the eastern tropical North Atlantic: Across- and within-species variation (body shape, growth stanza, condition factor)
F I G U R E 5 Log–log plot of the relative condition factor (Krel) vs. standard length (cm) calculated from length–weight relationships (LWRs) of the species (a) Argyropelecus affinis, (b) Argyropelecus sladeni, (c) Ceratoscopelus warmingii, (d) Diaphus dumerilii, (e) Electrona risso, (f) Lampanyctus nobilis, (g) Lepidophanes guentheri, (h) Notoscopelus resplendens and (i) Scopelogadus mizolepis (Table 3). Geographic regions are indicated by linetype, symbol and colour (EQ–C, dotted line, dark-blue square; EQ–N, two-dashed line, turquoise triangle; LO–E, solid line, red circle; LO–W, dashed line, violet diamond). If present, vertical dashed grey line indicates breakpoint in the LWR estimated by segmented regression analysis (cf. Table 2)
F I G U R E 1 in Length-weight relationships of 55 mesopelagic fishes from the eastern tropical North Atlantic: Across- and within-species variation (body shape, growth stanza, condition factor)
F I G U R E 1 Stations in the eastern low-oxygen (LO–E), western low-oxygen (LO–W), northern equatorial (EQ–N) and central equatorial (EQ–C) regions of the eastern tropical North Atlantic sampled in this study
F I G U R E 4 in Length-weight relationships of 55 mesopelagic fishes from the eastern tropical North Atlantic: Across- and within-species variation (body shape, growth stanza, condition factor)
F I G U R E 4 Distribution of form factor a3.0 for 55 mesopelagic species related to (a) body shape, (b) taxonomic family and (c) species. Form factor calculated from Equation 2 using across-species slope of S = 1.358 based on 1223 fish species presented in equation 17 in Froese (2006)
F I G U R E 3 in Length-weight relationships of 55 mesopelagic fishes from the eastern tropical North Atlantic: Across- and within-species variation (body shape, growth stanza, condition factor)
F I G U R E 3 Scatter plot of mean log a (SL) over mean b for 55 mesopelagic species with information on body shape. Body shape:, elongated;, fusiform;, short-deep
F I G U R E 2 in Length-weight relationships of 55 mesopelagic fishes from the eastern tropical North Atlantic: Across- and within-species variation (body shape, growth stanza, condition factor)
F I G U R E 2 Frequency distribution of (a) mean log a (binwidth 0.2) and (b) mean exponent b (binwidth 0.1) based on 55 records (measured in centimetres and grams) of mesopelagic species of the eastern tropical North Atlantic during cruise WH383
FIGURE 1 in Testing spatial and environmental factors to explain body shape variation in the widespread Central American Blackbelt cichlid Vieja maculicauda (Teleostei: Cichlidae)
FIGURE 1 | Points representing geographic location for the lots of Vieja maculicauda used in the current study. Straight black lines represent the approximate location of geological block divisions. Purple shading represents a modified version of IUCN redlist data for the distribution of this species (Lyons, 2019).
FIGURE 4 in Testing spatial and environmental factors to explain body shape variation in the widespread Central American Blackbelt cichlid Vieja maculicauda (Teleostei: Cichlidae)
FIGURE 4 | Canonical variate analysis and shape changes along both axes. Shape change has been magnified by two for increased visualization.
FIGURE 3 in Testing spatial and environmental factors to explain body shape variation in the widespread Central American Blackbelt cichlid Vieja maculicauda (Teleostei: Cichlidae)
FIGURE 3 | Principal component analysis of size-corrected shape and deformation grids along each axis.
FIGURE 2 in Testing spatial and environmental factors to explain body shape variation in the widespread Central American Blackbelt cichlid Vieja maculicauda (Teleostei: Cichlidae)
FIGURE 2 | Landmarks (in blue) and semilandmarks (in red) as placed on each specimen. Landmark positions are described on Tab. S1.
Evolutionary rates and shape variation along the anuran vertebral column with attention to phylogeny, body size, and ecology
<p><span>The vertebral column is critical to a vertebrate species' flexibility and skeletal support, making vertebrae a clear target for selection. Anur</span><span>ans (frogs and toads) have a unique, truncated vertebral column that appears constrained to provide axial rigidity for efficient jumping. However, no study has examined how presacral vertebrae shape varies among anuran species at the macroevolutionary scale nor how intrinsic (developmental and phylogenetic) and extrinsic (ecological) factors may have influenced vertebrae shape evolution. We used microCT scans and phylogenetic comparative methods to examine the vertebrae of hundreds of anuran species that vary in body size as well as adult and larval ecology. We found variation in shape and evolutionary rates among anuran vertebrae, dispelling any notion that trunk vertebrae evolve uniformly. We discovered the highest evolutionary rates in the cervical vertebrae and in the more caudal trunk vertebrae. We found little evidence for selection pressures related to adult or larval ecology affecting vertebrae evolution, but we did find body size was highly associated with vertebrae shape and microhabitat (mainly burrowing) affected those allometric relationships. Our results provide an interesting comparison to vertebrae evolution in other clades and a jumping-off point for studies of anuran vertebrae evolution and development.</span></p>
Predator-mediated resource limitation shapes body and head size variation in stickleback populations
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Evolutionary rates and shape variation along the anuran vertebral column with attention to phylogeny, body size, and ecology
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Data from: Body size and allometric shape variation in the molly Poecilia vivipara along a gradient of salinity and predation
Background: Phenotypic diversity among populations may result from divergent natural selection acting directly on traits or via correlated responses to changes in other traits. One of the most frequent patterns of correlated response is the proportional change in the dimensions of anatomical traits associated with changes in growth or absolute size, known as allometry. Livebearing fishes subject to predation gradients have been shown to repeatedly evolve larger caudal peduncles and smaller cranial regions under high predation regimes. Poecilia vivipara is a livebearing fish commonly found in coastal lagoons in the north of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Similar to what is observed in other predation gradients, lagoons inhabited by P. vivipara vary in the presence of piscivorous fishes; contrary to other poeciliid systems, populations of P. vivipara vary greatly in body size, which opens the possibility of strong allometric effects on shape variation. Here we investigated body shape diversification among six populations of P. vivipara along a predation gradient and its relationship with allometric trajectories within and among populations.ResultsWe found substantial body size variation and correlated shape changes among populations. Multivariate regression analysis showed that size variation among populations accounted for 66% of shape variation in females and 38% in males, suggesting that size is the most important dimension underlying shape variation among populations of P. vivipara in this system. Changes in the relative sizes of the caudal peduncle and cranial regions were only partly in line with predictions from divergent natural selection associated with predation regime.ConclusionsOur results suggest the possibility that adaptive shape variation among populations has been partly constrained by allometry in P. vivipara. Processes governing body size changes are therefore important in the diversification of this species. We conclude that in species characterized by substantial among-population differences in body size, ignoring allometric effects when investigating divergent natural selection?s role in phenotypic diversification might not be warranted.
Fig. 6. Canonical variate analysis between A in Quantifying elevational effect on the geometric body shape of Russian beetle Carabus exaratus (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Fig. 6. Canonical variate analysis between A: dorsal and B: ventral views of Carabus exaratus populations. The colors represent the different levels of altitude: Lower elevation (plain): grey, middle elevation (foothill): green, and higher elevation (mountain): brown. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Data from: Body size and allometric shape variation in the molly Poecilia vivipara along a gradient of salinity and predation
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Data from: Variation in body shape across species and populations in a radiation of Diaptomid copepods
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Figure 1 in Impact of environmental factors on the body shape variation and sexual shape dimorphism in Carabus granulatus L. (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Figure 1. Projections on the Principal Components of the tangent space when studying environmental effects on shape variation in С. granulatus. A. Effect of region in females. B. Effect of region in males. C. Effect of anthropogen in females. D. Effect of anthropogen in males. E. Effect of habitat in females. F. Effect of habitat in males.
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