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Fig. 2 in Comparison of natural and artificial odor lures for nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in South Texas: Developing treatment for cattle fever tick eradication

Fig. 2. Locations of nilgai lure transects (red bars) at the Santa Rosa Ranch near Riviera, TX. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Fig. 5 in Comparison of natural and artificial odor lures for nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in South Texas: Developing treatment for cattle fever tick eradication

Fig. 5. Nilgai cow visiting lure site (A) and (B) nilgai bull defecating at offal lure site at the East Foundation's Santa Rosa Ranch, near Riviera, TX.

Fig. 4 in Molecular screening for rickettsial bacteria and piroplasms in ixodid ticks surveyed from white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and nilgai antelope (Boselaphus tragocamelus) in southern Texas

Fig. 4. Phylogentic analysis of sca0 (rompA) sequences from putative Rickettsia sp. endosymbionts of Amblyomma maculatum and Ixodes scapularis ticks collected from white-tailed deer in southern Texas. This is a maximum-likelihood tree that is rooted at midpoint. Branch support was assessed with 10,000 replicates of UFBoot bootstrap replication, and bootstrap percentages are indicated at each branch point in the tree. Sequences from GenBank used in the comparative analysis were annotated as rickettsial endosymbionts. Accession numbers and tick species from which sequence was identified are included on the branch label.

Fig. 3 in Molecular screening for rickettsial bacteria and piroplasms in ixodid ticks surveyed from white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and nilgai antelope (Boselaphus tragocamelus) in southern Texas

Fig. 3. Phylogentic analysis of Theileria sp. fragments from Anocenter nitens ticks. Representative Type F, Type G, and 'divergent' Theileria sp. sequences were identified from individual A. nitens ticks collected from white-tailed deer and a single nilgai host (bold labels). A maximum-likelihood tree was constructed using Toxoplasma gondii as the outgroup, as it is from a different axpicomplexan class than Theileria. Branch support was assessed with 10,000 replicates of UFBoot bootstrap replication, and bootstrap percentages are indicated at each branch point in the tree. GenBank accession numbers and annotated identification for sequences used in the comparative analysis are indicated on the branch labels. Accession numbers in italics are those T. cervi sequences from white-tailed deer on the East Foundation's San Antonio Viejo Ranch in Starr and Jim Hogg Counties, Texas (Yu et al., 2020).

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Fig. 1 in Comparison of natural and artificial odor lures for nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in South Texas: Developing treatment for cattle fever tick eradication

Fig. 1. The location of the study site (Santa Rosa Ranch) near Riviera, TX.

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Fig. 3 in Comparison of natural and artificial odor lures for nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in South Texas: Developing treatment for cattle fever tick eradication

Fig. 3. Lure bucket recessed into soil at each treatment location at the Santa Rosa Ranch.

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Fig. 4 in Comparison of natural and artificial odor lures for nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in South Texas: Developing treatment for cattle fever tick eradication

Fig. 4. Distribution of animal visits to lure sites at the Santa Rosa Ranch, near Riviera, TX.

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Hourly locations and survival data of Nilgai Antelope (Boselaphus tragocamelus) in South Texas

Wildlife play an important role in the emergence of livestock diseases and their movements can complicate disease management efforts. One of the most significant vector-borne diseases of livestock worldwide is bovine babesiosis, spread by cattle fever ticks, Rhipicephalus (=Boophilus) microplus and R. (B.) annulatus. Although cattle fever ticks were eradicated from the U.S. by 1943, bovine babesiosis and cattle fever ticks are prevalent in México. Recently, management of cattle fever ticks in the Texas-México region has been complicated by the presence of free-ranging, exotic nilgai antelope (Boselaphus tragocamelus). Nilgai are abundant, are competent hosts for cattle fever ticks, and make long-distance movements. The goal of this study was to better understand nilgai movements and space use to inform cattle fever tick treatment strategies. We analyzed hourly locations from 40 GPS-collared nilgai in Cameron County, TX, USA, from April 2019–September 2020. We assigned each nilgai a movement behavior using the net squared displacement metric. We estimated nilgai home range sizes at different temporal scales (monthly, seasonally, and overall) using Brownian bridge movement models. We calculated average movement metrics, activity patterns, and space use of nilgai using the Euclidean distance between locations. We observed movement patterns consistent with residency (52.5%), seasonal movers (17.5%), dispersal (5%), and unclassified (25%). Two young females made separate dispersal movements of about 40 km from their initial capture location. Overall, nilgai had large and highly variable home ranges: annual median home range estimate for females was 563 ha (range = 105–1,545) and for males was 937 ha (range = 221–1,602). Peak nilgai movements occurred during crepuscular hours, and median hourly movement for females was 57 m/hr and for males was 66 m/hr. Nilgai home ranges and long-distance movements have the potential to overlap multiple ranches, as the typical ranch size in South Texas ranges from 250–6,000 ha. Female dispersal can increase the rate at which viable nilgai populations can be established in new areas with implications for disease spread and management. Understanding these behaviors will help the Cattle Fever Tick Eradication Program develop more efficacious treatment strategies to treat infestations in nilgai.

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Hourly locations and survival data of Nilgai Antelope (Boselaphus tragocamelus) in South Texas

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Fig. 1 in Molecular screening for rickettsial bacteria and piroplasms in ixodid ticks surveyed from white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and nilgai antelope (Boselaphus tragocamelus) in southern Texas

Fig. 1. Prevalence of ixodid ticks on white-tailed deer and nilgai on the Laguna Atascosa Wildlife Refuge (LANWR) in Cameron County (Texas). The LANWR is divided into Units, outlined in yellow. Deer and nilgai were harvested from the indicated units during the public hunt season in 2018–2019. Deer are identified by circles, nilgai are identified by triangles. Ixodid tick species collected either singly or in combination from these hosts are indicated by a different fill color presented in the legend. Animals from which no ticks were collected are shaded in green ('Not infested'). Rmic: Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus; Anit: Anocenter nitens; Amac: Amblyomma maculatum; Iscap: Ixodes scapularis. Inset: The LANWR units are shaded in yellow, while the East Foundation's El Sauz Ranch located north of the LANWR is shaded in maroon.

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Fig. 2 in Molecular screening for rickettsial bacteria and piroplasms in ixodid ticks surveyed from white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and nilgai antelope (Boselaphus tragocamelus) in southern Texas

Fig. 2. Anocenter nitens, the tropical horse tick, infesting a white-tailed deer. As in horses, A. nitens ticks preferentially infest the ears of this cervid host. Photo Credit: Emma Mitchell