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41 results for “Bothrops”
Figure 2 in Morphological and molecular evidence for phylogeny and classification of South American pitvipers, genera Bothrops, Bothriopsis, and Bothrocophias (Serpentes: Viperidae)
Figure 2. Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) 50% majority-rule consensus phylogram, including taxa with morphological data only (analysis 8). The phylogram is derived from an analysis of 2343 bp mitochondrial and 85 gap-weighted or majority-coded morphological characters. The posterior probabilities are shown above nodes; bootstrap values from parsimony analysis of the same data set are shown below nodes (analysis 7). The parsimony analysis shows minor topological differences from the Bayesian analysis; refer to Figure S3 for the parsimony cladogram. Grey circles indicate posterior probabilities of 95 or greater, and bootstrap values of 70 or greater. Dashes indicate support values of less than 50. Letters correspond to the major lineages: A, Bothrocophias clade; B, Bothrops alternatus clade; C, Bothrops neuwiedi + Bothrops jararaca clade; D, Bothriopsis clade; E, Bothrops atrox clade.
Figure 1 in Morphological and molecular evidence for phylogeny and classification of South American pitvipers, genera Bothrops, Bothriopsis, and Bothrocophias (Serpentes: Viperidae)
Figure 1. Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) 50% majority-rule consensus phylogram, excluding taxa with morphological data only (analysis 11). The phylogram is derived from an analysis of 2343 bp of mitochondrial DNA and 85 gap-weighted or majority-coded morphological characters. The posterior probabilities are shown above nodes; bootstrap values from parsimony analysis of the same data set are shown below nodes (analysis 10). The parsimony analysis shows minor topological differences from Bayesian analysis; refer to Figure S1 for parsimony cladogram. Grey circles indicate posterior probabilities of 95 or greater and bootstrap values of 70 or greater. Letters correspond to major lineages: A, Bothrocophias clade; B, Bothrops alternatus clade; C, Bothrops neuwiedi + Bothrops jararaca clade; D, Bothriopsis clade; E, Bothrops atrox clade.
Genetic variability, management, and conservation implications of the critically endangered Brazilian pitviper Bothrops insularis
<p>Information on demographic, genetic, and environmental parameters of wild and captive animal populations has proven to be crucial to conservation programs and strategies. Genetic approaches in conservation programs of Brazilian snakes remain scarce despite their importance for critically endangered species, such as <i>Bothrops insularis</i>, the golden lancehead, which is endemic to Ilha da Queimada Grande, coast of São Paulo State, Brazil. This study aims to (i) characterize the genetic diversity of <i>ex-situ</i> and <i>in-situ</i> populations of <i>B. insularis</i> using heterologous microsatellites; (ii) investigate genetic structure among and within these populations; and (iii) provide data for the conservation program of the species. Twelve informative microsatellites obtained from three species of the <i>B. neuwiedi</i> group were used to access genetic diversity indexes of <i>ex-situ</i> and <i>in-situ</i> populations. Low-to-medium genetic diversity parameters were found. Both populations showed low — albeit significant — values of system of mating inbreeding coefficient, whereas only the <i>in-situ</i> population showed a significant value of pedigree inbreeding coefficient. Significant values of genetic differentiation indexes suggest a small differentiation between the two populations. Discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) recovered five clusters. No geographic relationship was found in the island, suggesting the occurrence of gene flow. Also, our data allowed the establishment of six preferential breeding couples, aiming to minimize inbreeding and elucidate uncertain parental relationships in the captive population. In a conservation perspective, continuous monitoring of both populations is demanded: it involves the incorporation of new individuals from the island into the captive population to avoid inbreeding and to achieve the recommended allelic similarity between the two populations. At last, we recommend that the genetic data support researches as a base to maintain a viable and healthy captive population, highly genetically similar to the <i>in-situ</i> one, which is crucial for considering a reintroduction process into the island.</p>
Genetic variability, management, and conservation implications of the critically endangered Brazilian pitviper Bothrops insularis
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FIGURE 5 in Another new and threatened species of lancehead genus Bothrops (Serpentes, Viperidae) from Ilha dos Franceses, Southeastern Brazil
FIGURE 5. Sulcate (left) and asulcate (right) views of the hemipenis of B. sazimai (MBML 3319 paratype). Scale bar = 5 mm.
FIGURE 1 in Another new and threatened species of lancehead genus Bothrops (Serpentes, Viperidae) from Ilha dos Franceses, Southeastern Brazil
FIGURE 1. Canonical analysis of females (A) and males (B) of Bothrops jararaca species group. Limits of variation in head shape were defined by 95% confidence ellipses and computed by parametric bootstrap. Blue = population from Ilha dos Franceses; Red = population of B. jararaca from mainland portions of the state of Espírito Santo; Green = other mainland populations of B. jararaca, from the states of São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul.
FIGURE 6 in Another new and threatened species of lancehead genus Bothrops (Serpentes, Viperidae) from Ilha dos Franceses, Southeastern Brazil
FIGURE 6. Coastal region of the state of Espírito Santo (above), with the Ilha dos Franceses (below), the type locality of Bothrops sazimai. Legend of states: Bahia (BA); Espírito Santo (ES), Minas Gerais (MG), and Rio de Janeiro (RJ).
FIGURE 4 in Another new and threatened species of lancehead genus Bothrops (Serpentes, Viperidae) from Ilha dos Franceses, Southeastern Brazil
FIGURE 4. Active specimens of Bothrops sazimai at night in different macrohabitats on the island. Over fallen trunks and twigs (A); coiled over trees (B) (MZUSP 22230); two individuals close to one another and moving on the ground (C); on the rocks near the sea (D); coiled on the ground (MZUSP 22232) (E). Photographs by R. Sawaya (A, E), R. Zorzal (B), F. Barbo (C), and T. Portillo (D).
FIGURE 3 in Another new and threatened species of lancehead genus Bothrops (Serpentes, Viperidae) from Ilha dos Franceses, Southeastern Brazil
FIGURE 3. Dorsal (above) and ventral (below) views of the holotype of Bothrops sazimai (MZUSP 22228). Scale bar = 20 mm.
FIGURE 2 in Another new and threatened species of lancehead genus Bothrops (Serpentes, Viperidae) from Ilha dos Franceses, Southeastern Brazil
FIGURE 2. Dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) views of head of the holotype of Bothrops sazimai (MZUSP 22228). Scale bar = 10 mm.
FIGURE 7 in Another new and threatened species of lancehead genus Bothrops (Serpentes, Viperidae) from Ilha dos Franceses, Southeastern Brazil
FIGURE 7. Aerial view of Ilha dos Franceses (A); forest remnants in the light-house area (B); vegetation on rocks of the tide zone (C); dense vegetation predominant in island (D); view of Ilha dos Franceses from Itaoca Beach (E). Photographs by Google Earth Pro (A), F. Barbo (B, C, D), and R. Sawaya (E).
Figure 6 in Molecular and phenotypic data reveal a new Amazonian species of pit vipers (Serpentes: Viperidae: Bothrops)
Figure 6. Geographic map of South America showing the distribution of Bothrops oligobalius sp. nov. (yellow) and B. brazili (red). Outlined diamonds and circles represent sites with genetic samples available. Diamonds with an inner dot indicate the type locality of each both species. The Amazonian biome is highlighted in green; the Amazon River is also indicated. Photos: B. oligobalius sp. nov. from French Guiana, by Maël Dewynter; B. brazili from Porto Velho, RO, Brazil, by FDV.
Figure 3 in Molecular and phenotypic data reveal a new Amazonian species of pit vipers (Serpentes: Viperidae: Bothrops)
Figure 3. Holotype of Bothrops oligobalius sp. nov. (MZUSP 23282, field number MTR 13844), from Lourenço Municipality, State of Amapá, Brazil. A: Dorsal view; B: Ventral view. Scale bar = 1 cm.
Figure 8 in Molecular and phenotypic data reveal a new Amazonian species of pit vipers (Serpentes: Viperidae: Bothrops)
Figure 8. Bothrops brazili in dorsal view. A- DHMECN3035 from Ecuador B- QCAZ4827 from Pastaza, Ecuador. Scale bar = 1 cm.
Figure 4 in Molecular and phenotypic data reveal a new Amazonian species of pit vipers (Serpentes: Viperidae: Bothrops)
Figure 4. Head of the holotype (MZUSP 23282) of Bothrops oligobalius sp. nov. in (a) lateral, (b) dorsal and (c) ventral views. Scale bar 1 cm.
Supplement DataLongitudinal metabolomics and lipidomics analyses reveal markers of envenoming by Bothrops asper and Daboia russelii in an experimental murine model
<p>Longitudinal metablolomic and lipidomics analyses were carried out on the blood plasma of mice injected with venoms of the viperid species Northrop's asper and Daboia russelii.</p>
FIGURE 5 in A new species of Bothrops (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae) from Pampas del Heath, southeastern Peru, with comments on the systematics of the Bothrops neuwiedi species group
FIGURE 5. Dorsal view of the holotype (MUBI 12319—A, 1073 mm TL) and paratypes (MUBI 14679—B, 553 mm TL, MUSA 4350—C, 435 mm TL, MUSM 33453—D, 339 mm TL) of Bothrops sonene. Ventral view of holotype (MUBI 12319— E) and paratype (MUBI 14679—F). TL= total length.
FIGURE 2 in A new species of Bothrops (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae) from Pampas del Heath, southeastern Peru, with comments on the systematics of the Bothrops neuwiedi species group
FIGURE 2. Distribution of the lineages of the Bothrops neuwiedi species group. Symbols are as follow: stars = type localities, circles = records of specimens with DNA samples, squares = records of specimens that were only examined morphologically.
FIGURE 4 in A new species of Bothrops (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae) from Pampas del Heath, southeastern Peru, with comments on the systematics of the Bothrops neuwiedi species group
FIGURE 4. Bothrops sonene sp. nov. (MUSA 4350) from Pampas del Heath, Bahuaja-Sonene National Park, department of Madre de Dios, Peru.
FIGURE 3 in A new species of Bothrops (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae) from Pampas del Heath, southeastern Peru, with comments on the systematics of the Bothrops neuwiedi species group
FIGURE 3. Maximum parsimony tree obtained in the analysis of total evidence under equal weights (single cladogram, length: 4153.215). Above and below nodes, jackknife and bootstrap proportions respectively. Values less than 50 % are not shown.
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