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12 results for “Brachymeles”
Locomotion and paleoclimate explain the re-evolution of quadrupedal body form in Brachymeles lizards
<p>Evolutionary reversals, including re-evolution of lost structures, are commonly found in phylogenetic studies. However, we lack an understanding of how these reversals happen mechanistically. A snake-like body form has evolved many times in vertebrates, and occasionally, a quadrupedal form has re-evolved, including in <i>Brachymeles</i> lizards. We use body form and locomotion data for species ranging from snake-like to quadrupedal to address how a quadrupedal form could re-evolve. We show that large, quadrupedal species are faster at burying and surface locomotion than snake-like species, indicating a lack of expected performance trade-off. Species with limbs use them while burying, suggesting that limbs are useful for burying in wet, packed substrates. Paleoclimatological data suggest that <i>Brachymeles</i> originally evolved a snake-like form under a drier climate likely with soil<strike> </strike>in which it was easier to dig. The quadrupedal clade evolved as the climate became humid, where limbs and large size facilitated fossorial locomotion in packed soils.</p>
Locomotion and paleoclimate explain the re-evolution of quadrupedal body form in Brachymeles lizards
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Data from: Are there general laws for digit evolution in squamates? The loss and re-evolution of digits in a clade of fossorial lizards (Brachymeles, Scincinae)
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FIGURE 3 in Additions to Philippine Slender Skinks of the Brachymeles bonitae Complex (Reptilia: Squamata: Scincidae) III: a new species from Tablas Island
FIGURE 3. Photograph of lateral and ventral views of head of preserved holotype of Brachymeles dalawangdaliri sp. nov. (CAS 137149). Photographs taken by JLW and MLP.
FIGURE 1 in Additions to Philippine Slender Skinks of the Brachymeles bonitae Complex (Reptilia: Squamata: Scincidae) III: a new species from Tablas Island
FIGURE 1. (Left) Map of the Philippine islands, with labels provided for islands with representative samples used for this study. The five recognized major faunal regions (PAICs), major island groups, and additional deep-water islands are labeled for reference. Current islands in the Philippines are shown in medium grey to black; light gray areas enclosed in black 120 m bathymetric contours indicate the hypothesized maximum extent of land during the mid- to late Pleistocene. Location of the Romblon Island Group outlined by a square; Tablas Island highlighted in black. (Right) Map of Romblon Province in relation to the remainder of the Philippines. Known distribution of Brachymeles dalawangdaliri sp. nov. on Tablas Island is indicated with a star.
FIGURE 2 in Additions to Philippine Slender Skinks of the Brachymeles bonitae Complex (Reptilia: Squamata: Scincidae) III: a new species from Tablas Island
FIGURE 2. Illustration of the head of Brachymeles dalawangdaliri sp. nov. (CAS 137149, holotype) in dorsal, lateral, and ventral views. Taxonomically diagnostic head scales are labeled as follows: C, chin shield; F, frontal; FN, frontonasal; FP, frontoparietal; IL, infralabial; IP, interparietal; L, loreal; M, mental; N, nasal; Nu, nuchal; P, parietal; PF, prefrontal; PM, postmental; PO, preocular; PSO, presubocular; R, rostral; SC, supraciliary; SL, supralabial; SN, supranasal; and SO, supraocular. Roman numerals indicate scales in the supraocular series, with Arabic numbers indicating scales in the supraciliary series. Illustrations by MLP and CDS.
FIGURE 3 in Additions to Philippine Slender Skinks of the Brachymeles bonitae Complex (Reptilia: Squamata: Scincidae) II: a new species from the northern Philippines
FIGURE 3. Photograph of dorsal, lateral, and ventral views of head of the preserved holotype of Brachymeles ilocandia sp. nov. (PNM 9819). Photographs taken by JLW and MLP.
FIGURE 2 in Additions to Philippine Slender Skinks of the Brachymeles bonitae Complex (Reptilia: Squamata: Scincidae) II: a new species from the northern Philippines
FIGURE 2. Illustration of head of Brachymeles ilocandia sp. nov. (PNM 9819, holotype) in dorsal, lateral, and ventral views. Taxonomically diagnostic head scales are labeled as follows: C, chin shield; F, frontal; FN, frontonasal; FP, frontoparietal; IL, infralabial; IP, interparietal; L, loreal; M, mental; N, nasal; Nu, nuchal; P, parietal; PF, prefrontal; PM, postmental; PO, preocular; PSO, presubocular; R, rostral; SC, supraciliary; SL, supralabial; SN, supranasal; and SO, supraocular. Roman numerals indicate scales in the supraocular series, with Arabic numbers indicating scales in the supraciliary series. Illustrations by MLP and CDS.
FIGURE 1 in Additions to Philippine Slender Skinks of the Brachymeles bonitae Complex (Reptilia: Squamata: Scincidae) II: a new species from the northern Philippines
FIGURE 1. (A) Map of the Philippines islands, with labels for islands discussed in the study, the five recognized major PAICs, major island groups, and additional deep-water islands provided for reference. Current islands in the Philippines are shown in medium grey to black; light gray areas enclosed in black 120 m bathymetric contours indicate the hypothesized maximum extent of land during the mid- to late Pleistocene. Vouchered localities for Brachymeles ilocandia sp. nov. marked by red circles. (B) Mapped output of Maxent results as the mean ecological niche model of suitable climatic conditions for Brachymeles ilocandia sp. nov. projected across the known distribution of the genus throughout the Philippines. Values corresponding to the likelihood of climatic suitability are included for scale and interpretation of heat map color-coding. Values are logistic-transformed for ease of interpretation on a scale of 0–1, according to the default Maxent output settings (ENM analysis and projection performed by NAH and MP).
FIGURE 2 in Additions to Philippine Slender Skinks of the Brachymeles bonitae Complex (Reptilia: Squamata: Scincidae) I: a new species from Lubang Island
FIGURE 2. Illustration of head scale patterns of the holotype of Brachymeles ligtas sp. nov. (PNM 9818) in dorsal, lateral, and ventral views. Taxonomically diagnostic head scales are labeled as follows: C, chin shield; F, frontal; FN, frontonasal; FP, frontoparietal; IL, infralabial; IP, interparietal; L, loreal; M, mental; N, nasal; Nu, nuchal; P, parietal; PF, prefrontal; PM, postmental; PO, preocular; PSO, presubocular; R, rostral; SC, supraciliary; SL, supralabial; SN, supranasal; and SO, supraocular. Roman numerals indicate scales in the supraocular series, with Arabic numbers indicating scales in the supraciliary series. Illustrations by MLP and CDS.
FIGURE 1 in Additions to Philippine Slender Skinks of the Brachymeles bonitae Complex (Reptilia: Squamata: Scincidae) I: a new species from Lubang Island
FIGURE 1. Map of the Philippine islands, with island labels provided for islands with representative samples used for this study. S = Sibuyan Island; T = Tablas Island.
FIGURE 3 in Additions to Philippine Slender Skinks of the Brachymeles bonitae Complex (Reptilia: Squamata: Scincidae) I: a new species from Lubang Island
FIGURE 3. Photograph of holotype in life of Brachymeles ligtas sp. nov. (PNM 9818). Note: Individual is about to shead, resulting in lighter scale coloration. Photograph taken by CDS.
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