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Data to Richter et al. 2020 Comparative analysis of worker head anatomy of Formica and Brachyponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny

This dataset contains the ant head µCT-Sanning Datasets used for the article "Comparative analysis of worker head anatomy of Formica and Brachyponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" by Richter et al. published in Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 2020. In addition, the image plates from that article (in highest resolution as TIF files) and a series of supplementary 3D-volume render video files are deposited. The datasets for CASENT0709409, CASENT0709411 and CASENT0790267 are deposited as they were used in this study (with transformation to adjust the orientation of the ant head to the global axes and cropped to reduce file size) while CASENT0709419 is deposited as the original scanning result as it was not modified for the work in this article. Scanning details can be found in the materials and methods section of the article. Scanning parameters were as follows: Power (W): 3W all specimens Voltage (kV): 40kV all specimens Voxel Size: CASENT0709409: 1,1557 µm3;  CASENT0709419: 1,2244 µm3;  CASENT0709411: 2,5527µm3 ; CASENT0790267: 2,8337 µm3  Exposure Time (s): CASENT0709409: 25 s;  CASENT0709419: 15 s;  CASENT0709411: 7 s ; CASENT0790267: 5 s Source Distance (mm): CASENT0709409: -9,5038 mm;  CASENT0709419: -9,5321 mm;  CASENT0709411: 10,038 mm ; CASENT0790267: 13,0037 mm Detector Distance (mm): CASENT0709409: 46 mm;  CASENT0709419: 43,0166 mm;  CASENT0709411: 16,5043 mm ; CASENT0790267: 18,0015 mm

Fig. 4 in Global and temporal spread of a taxonomically challenging invasive ant, Brachyponera chinensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fig. 4. Temporal distribution of reproductive individuals (female and male alates) and brood presence within Brachyponera chinensis nests (dark gray) with overall sampling period shown in light gray. Numbers indicated when sampling occurred during the yr.

Fig. 3 in Global and temporal spread of a taxonomically challenging invasive ant, Brachyponera chinensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fig. 3. Elevation distribution of Brachyponera chinensis in its native range. Shaded areas correspond to the elevation at which B. chinensis has been collected for each specific reference. Light gray areas were sites at a given altitude that were sampled, but no B. chinensis were found. References used are presented in

Fig. 2 in Global and temporal spread of a taxonomically challenging invasive ant, Brachyponera chinensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fig. 2. Introduced range distributions. (A-E) Spread over time of Brachyponera chinensis from the earliest record in 1932 to 2018 in the US presented by 20-yr periods, with 1 record from Washington State not displayed; (F) and along the east coast of the Black Sea in south Russia and Georgia (with color code for temporal periods similar to Figs. D, E).

Fig. 1 in Global and temporal spread of a taxonomically challenging invasive ant, Brachyponera chinensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fig. 1. Distribution of Brachyponera chinensis in Asia presenting records identified as part of the B. chinensis species complex (light gray) and confirmed records of B. chinensis s.s. (dark gray).

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Fig. 1. Neighbor-joining tree generated under the K2P in New combination and redescription of Brachyponera mesoponeroides Radchenko, 1993 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae)

Fig. 1. Neighbor-joining tree generated under the K2P distance model, based on a dataset consisting of 438 bp sequences.

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Fig. 2 in New combination and redescription of Brachyponera mesoponeroides Radchenko, 1993 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae)

Fig. 2. Hypoponera mesoponeroides (Radchenko, 1993) comb. nov., paratype workers. (A) Head in full-face view. (B) Head in lateral view. (C) Mesosoma in lateral view. (D) Body in dorsal view. (B), (C), (D) specimen code: IMG20160605-01; (A) IMG20160605-02.

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Fig. 5 in New combination and redescription of Brachyponera mesoponeroides Radchenko, 1993 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae)

Fig. 5. Hypoponera mesoponeroides (Radchenko, 1993) comb. nov., nontype queen, colony code: AD16CP57; specimen code: CAP20170716-01. (A) Head in full-face view. (B) Body in dorsal view. (C) Antenna. (D) Body in lateral view. (E) Compoud eye. (F) Mesosoma in lateral view.

Fig. 7 in Comparative analysis of worker head anatomy of Formica and Brachyponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fig. 7. SEM micrographs of the labium of Formica rufa (A – E) and Brachyponera luteipes (F – H). A,C,D: Dorsal view. B,E,H: Lateral view. F,G: Dorsolateral view. E,H: Close view of the paraglossa. — Abbreviations: bpb – basiparaglossal brush; dhy – distal hypopharynx; glam – anterior glossal margin; glds – dorsal glossal sclerite; glo – glossa; ibp – infrabuccal pouch; pgl – paraglossa; plb – palpus labialis; pmd – premental ditch; spc – stipito-premental conjunctivum; svo – salivary opening.

Fig. 14 in Comparative analysis of worker head anatomy of Formica and Brachyponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fig. 14. Histological sections of heads of Brachyponera luteipes (A,B) and Brachyponera chinensis (D,E). All sections transverse. — Orientation: ↓ ventral.— Abbreviations: 0an2 – M. tentorioscapalis posterior; 0an3 – M. tentorioscapalis lateralis; 0bu1 – M. clypeobuccalis; 0bu5 – M. tentoriobuccalis posterior; 0ci1b – M. clypeopalatalis, paired portion; 0hy3 – M. tentoriohypopharyngalis; 0la5 – M. tentoriopraementalis; 0md1 – M. craniomandibularis internus; 0md1sf – M. craniomandibularis internus, direct fibers; 0md3 – M. craniomandibularis externus; 0mx3 – M. tentoriocardinalis; ata – anterior tentorial arm; bt – buccal tube; cc – cardinal condyle; cd – cardo; epk – epipharyngeal keel; esr – epistomal ridge; ll – lateral tentorial lamella; ml – mesal tentorial lamella; md – mandible; mda – mandibular apodeme; Mpel – M. pharyngoepipharyngalis, lateral portion; mxg – maxillary gland; oa – oral arm; ph – pharynx; phg – pharyngeal gland; pgr – postgenal ridge; pph – prepharynx; pphg – prepharyngeal gland; pphgo – prepharyngeal gland opening; sc – scapus; svd – salivary duct; toa – torular apodeme.

Fig. 2 in Comparative analysis of worker head anatomy of Formica and Brachyponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fig. 2. SEM micrographs of heads of Formica rufa (A – C) and Brachyponera luteipes (D – F). Note the slight difference in shape between a small (A,B) and a larger head (C) in Formica rufa. A,D: Dorsal view. B,E: Lateral view. C,F: Ventral view. — Abbreviations: al – atala; atp – anterior tentorial pit; ce – compound eye; cl – clypeus; dma – dorsal mandibular articulation; es – epistomal sulcus; fr – frontal area; frc – frontal carina; fl – frontal line; ga – galea; glo – glossa; hysc – hypostomal carina; hyst – elongated tip of hypostomal carina; lbr – labrum; md – mandible; oc – ocelli; oca – occipital carina; occ – occipital region; pgb – postgenal bridge; pgr – postgenal ridge (visible as line of smooth cuticle); plb – labial palp; pmx – maxillary palp; pm – prementum; pocc – postocciput; sca – supraclypeal area; st – stipes; to – torulus; tol – torular lobe; vma – ventral mandibular articulation; vt – area of vertex. — Symbols: white arrowhead – ventral continuation of occipital carina; black arrowhead – groove on lateral clypeus.

Fig. 3 in Comparative analysis of worker head anatomy of Formica and Brachyponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fig. 3. SEM micrographs of the antennae and antennal sockets of Formica rufa (B,D,F) and Brachyponera luteipes (A,C,E). A – D: Dorsal view. E,F: Lateral view. — Abbreviations: ac – torular acetabulum; bb – bulbus; bbn – bulbus neck; es – epistomal sulcus; frc – frontal carina; pd – pedicellus; sc – scapus; tol – torular lobe; trl – lateral torular arch.

Fig. 13 in Comparative analysis of worker head anatomy of Formica and Brachyponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fig. 13. Histological sections of head of Formica rufa. A,B,C: Cross sections. D,E: Frontal sections. — Orientation: A,B,C: ↓ ventral; D: ↓ anterior region; E: ← anterior region. — Abbreviations: 0an4 – M. tentorioscapalis medialis; 0bu1 – M. clypeobuccalis; 0bu5 – M. tentoriobuccalis posterior; 0ci1b – M. clypeopalatalis, paired portion; 0hy2 – M. tentoriooralis; 0hy3 – M. tentoriohypopharyngalis; 0hy7 – M. praementosalivarialis; 0hy9 – M. oralis transversalis; 0la5 – M. tentoriopraementalis; 0la11 – M. praementoparaglossalis; 0la12 – M. praementoglossalis; 0la14 – M. praementopalpalis externus; 0md3 – M. craniomandibularis externus; 0mx3 – M. tentoriocardinalis; 0mx7 – M. stipitogalealis; 0mx8 – M. stipitopalpalis externus; 0la14 – M. praementopalpalis externus; al – atala; ata – anterior tentorial arm; bpb – basiparaglossal brush; bt – buccal tube; cd – cardo; dhy – distal hypopharynx; ep – epipharynx; hyb – hypopharyngeal button; hyr – hypopharyngeal rod; ibp – infrabuccal pouch; lc – lacinia; ll – lateral tentorial lamella; md – mandible; mda – mandibular apodeme; mdgd – mandibular gland duct; mdgr – mandibular gland reservoir; Mpel – M. pharyngoepipharyngalis, lateral portion; mxg – maxillary gland; mxgo – maxillary gland opening; oa – oral arm; plb – palpus labialis; pma – premental arm; pmx – palpus maxillaris; pph – prepharynx; pphg – prepharyngeal gland; pphgo – prepharyngeal gland opening; sc – scapus; sp – sitophore plate; spc – stipito-premental conjunctivum; st – stipes; sv – salivarium; svd – salivary duct; svo – salivary opening.

Fig. 6 in Comparative analysis of worker head anatomy of Formica and Brachyponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fig. 6. SEM micrographs of the maxillae of Formica rufa (A,B) and Brachyponera luteipes (C – F). A: Dorsal view, slightly shifted frontolaterad. B: Mesoposterior view. E,H: Close view of the paraglossa. C,D,F: Ventral view. E: Dorsolateral view. — Abbreviations: 0mx1 – M. craniocardinalis externus; cd – cardo; csga – conical sensilla of galea; dlsst – distal lateral stipital surface; ga – galea; gacr – galeal crown; lc – lacinia; lcc – lacinial comb; mtga – galeal microtrichia; mxc – maxillary / galeal crown; pmx – palpus maxillaris; st – stipes. — Symbols: white arrowheads – fields of microtrichia on lacinia; black arrowheads – extended distal lateral edge of stipes.

Fig. 1 in Comparative analysis of worker head anatomy of Formica and Brachyponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fig. 1. Photomicrographs of heads of Formica rufa (A – C) and Brachyponera luteipes (D – F). Note the slight difference in shape between a small (A,B) and a larger head (C). A,D: Dorsal view. B,E: Lateral view. C,F: Ventral view. — Abbreviations: ce – compound eye; cl – clypeus; dma – dorsal mandibular articulation; es – epistomal sulcus; fr – frontal area; frc – frontal carina; fl – frontal line; ga – galea; glo – glossa; hysc – hypostomal carina; hyst – elongated tip of hypostomal carina; lbr – labrum; md – mandible; oc – ocelli; oca – occipital carina; occ – occipital region; pgb – postgenal bridge; pgr – postgenal ridge (visible through the head capsule); plb – labial palp; pmx – maxillary palp; pm – prementum; pocc – postocciput; sca – supraclypeal area; st – stipes; to – torulus; tol – torular lobe; vma – ventral mandibular articulation; vt – area of the vertex. — Symbols: white arrowhead – ventral carina on the postgena; black arrowhead – groove on lateral clypeus.

Fig. 5 in Comparative analysis of worker head anatomy of Formica and Brachyponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fig. 5. Volume renderings of head of Formica rufa (CASENT0709411: A,B; CASENT0790267: E,F) and Brachyponera luteipes (CASENT0709409: C,D,G,H). A,C,E,G: Upper part dorsal view, lower part ventral view. B,D,F,H: Sagittal view. A – D: Mandibular musculature and mandibular gland. E – H: Antennal musculature, in F and H parts of antennal torulus transparent to show muscles and bulbus. — Abbreviations: 0an1 – M. tentorioscapalis anterior; 0an2 – M. tentorioscapalis posterior; 0an3 – M. tentorioscapalis lateralis; 0an4 – M. tentorioscapalis medialis; 0an6 – M. scapopedicellaris lateralis; 0an7 – M. scapopedicellaris medialis; 0md1 – M. craniomandibularis internus; 0md3 – M. craniomandibularis externus; 0md8 – M. tentoriomandibularis; al – atala; amp – antennal ampulla;

Fig. 11 in Comparative analysis of worker head anatomy of Formica and Brachyponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fig. 11. Volume renderings of heads of Formica rufa (CASENT0790267: A,C – E) and Brachyponera luteipes (CASENT0709409: B,F – H). A,B: Frontal view of head capsule. C,F: Dorsal view of cephalic digestive tract with glands and parts of the musculature, 0lb2, and the central nervous system. D,G: Ventral view of cephalic digestive tract including glands, and the central nervous system. E,H: Sagittal view of cephalic digestive tract including glands, musculature and buccal cavity, and the central nervous system. — Abbreviations: 0bu1 – M. clypeobuccalis; 0bu2 – M. frontobuccalis anterior; 0bu3 – M. frontobuccalis posterior; 0bu5 – M. tentoriobuccalis posterior; 0ci1a – M. clypeopalatalis, unpaired portion; 0ci1b – M. clypeopalatalis, paired portion; 0hy1 – M. frontooralis; 0hy2 – M. tentoriooralis; 0hy9 – M. oralis transversalis; 0lb2 – M. frontoepipharyngalis; 0ph2 – M. tentoriopharyngalis; ala – atalar acetabulum; amo – anatomical mouth opening; ata – anterior tentorial arm; atp – anterior tentorial pit; br – brain; bt – buccal tube; clf – ventral clypeal projection / flange; cc – cardinal condyle; dhy – distal hypopharynx; dta – dorsal tentorial arm; dma – dorsal mandibular articulation; ep – epipharynx; epk – epipharyngeal keel; fc – frontal commissure; fg – frontal ganglion; fmo – functional mouth opening; frc – frontal carina; hyc – hypostomal cavity; hysc – hypostomal carina; hysp – hypostomal process; ibp – infrabuccal pouch; lb – labium; lbr – labrum; mped – M. pharyngoepipharyngalis, dorsal portion; mpel – M. pharyngoepipharyngalis, lateral portion; nan – antennal nerve; no – optical nerve; oa – oral arm; ocn – ocellar nerve; opl – optic lobes; pgr – postgenal ridge; ph – pharynx; phg – pharyngeal gland; pph – prepharynx; pphg – prepharyngeal gland; pta – posterior tentorial arm; sog – suboesophageal ganglion; tb – tentorial bridge; to – torulus; tol – torular lobe; trl – lateral torular arch; vma – ventral mandibular articulation. — Colors: beige / brown – mouthparts; green – cephalic digestive tract (prepharynx and pharynx); grey – cuticle; orange / red – muscles; purple – glands; yellow – nervous system. — Symbols: white arrowhead – hypostomal hump contacting mandibular groove; * – anterior surface of triangular hypostomal process receiving lateral stipital margin.

Fig. 4 in Comparative analysis of worker head anatomy of Formica and Brachyponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fig. 4. SEM micrographs of the mandibles of Formica rufa (A,B) and Brachyponera luteipes (C – F). A,C: Dorsal view. B,D: Ventral view. E,F: Dorsolateral view. — Abbreviations: al – atala; at – apical tooth; bm – basal margin; dma – dorsal mandibular articulation; ma – mandalus; mdp – mandibular pit; mdc – mandibular carinae; mgo – mandibular gland opening; mmg – mesal mandibular groove. — Symbols: white arrowhead – groove distad mandalus; * – groove mesodorsad ventral mandibular articulation; black arrows – minute tubercles; white arrows – minute pores; white outlines – area of mandalus.

Fig. 9 in Comparative analysis of worker head anatomy of Formica and Brachyponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fig. 9. Volume renderings of the head of Formica rufa (CASENT0790267: A,B,E,F) and Brachyponera luteipes (CASENT0709409: C,D,G,H). A,C,E,G: Upper part dorsal view, lower part ventral view. B,D,F,H: Sagittal view. A – D: Maxillary musculature and gland. E – H: Labial musculature and salivary duct. — Abbreviations: 0hy3 – M. tentoriohypopharyngalis; 0hy7 – M. praementosalivarialis; 0hy12 – M. hypopharyngosalivarialis; 0la5 – M. tentoriopraementalis; 0la11 – M. praementoparaglossalis; 0la12 – M. praementoglossalis; 0la14 – M. praementopalpalis externus; 0la16 – M. palpopalpalis labii primus; 0la17 – M. palpopalpalis labii secundus; 0mx1 – M. craniocardinalis externus; 0mx3 – M. tentoriocardinalis; 0mx4 – M. tentoriostipitalis anterior; 0mx6 – M. stipitolacinialis; 0mx7 – M. stipitogalealis; 0mx8 – M. stipitopalpalis externus; 0mx12 – M. palpopalpalis maxillae primus; 0mx13 – M. palpopalpalis maxillae secundus; ata – anterior tentorial arm; dta – dorsal tentorial arm; lb – labium; ll – lateral lamella; ml – mesal lamella; mx – maxilla; mxg – maxillary gland; pta – posterior tentorial arm; ppt – posterior process of tentorium; sv – salivary sclerite; svd – salivary duct; tb – tentorial bridge. — Colors: beige / brown – mouthparts; grey – cuticle; orange / red – muscles; purple – glands and ducts.