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6 results for “Bradysia odoriphaga”
Effects of the entomopathogenic fungus Mucor hiemalis BO-1 on the physical functions and transcriptional signatures of Bradysia odoriphaga larvae
<p><em><span>Mucor hiemalis</span></em><span> BO-1 is an entomopathogenic fungus that infects <em>Bradysia</em> <em>odoriphaga</em>, a destructive root maggot. <em>M</em>. <em>hiemalis</em> BO-1 possesses stronger pathogenicity to the larvae than to other stages of <em>B</em>. <em>odoriphaga</em> and provides satisfactory field control. However, the physiological response of <em>B</em>. <em>odoriphaga</em> larvae to infection and the infection mechanism of <em>M</em>. <em>hiemalis</em> are unknown. We detected some physiological indicators of diseased <em>B</em>. <em>odoriphaga</em> larvae infected by <em>M</em>. <em>hiemalis</em> BO-1. These included changes in consumption, nutrient contents and digestive and antioxidant enzymes. We performed transcriptome analysis of diseased <em>B</em>. <em>odoriphaga</em> larvae and found that M. <em>hiemalis</em> BO-1 showed acute toxicity to <em>B</em>. <em>odoriphaga</em> larvae and was as toxic as some chemical pesticides. The food consumption of diseased <em>B</em>. <em>odoriphaga</em> after inoculation with <em>M</em>. <em>hiemalis</em> spores decreased significantly, and there was a significant decrease in total protein, lipid and carbohydrates in diseased larvae. Key digestive enzymes (protease, </span>α<span>-amylase, lipase and cellulase) were significantly inhibited during infection. Peroxidase maintained high activity, and the activity of other antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferases) first increased and then decreased. Combined with the transcriptional signatures of diseased <em>B</em>. <em>odoriphaga</em> larvae, <em>M</em>. <em>hiemalis</em> BO-1 infection resulted in decreased food consumption, reduced digestive enzyme activity and altered energy metabolism and material accumulation. Infection was also accompanied by fluctuations in immune function, such as cytochrome P450 and the Toll pathway. Therefore, our results laid a basis for the further study of the interactions between <em>M</em>. <em>hiemalis</em> BO-1 and <em>B</em>. <em>odoriphaga</em> and promoted the genetic improvement of entomopathogenic fungi.</span></p>
Effects of the entomopathogenic fungus Mucor hiemalis BO-1 on the physical functions and transcriptional signatures of Bradysia odoriphaga larvae
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Biological and physiological responses of Bradysia odoriphaga 4th instar larvae to long-term constant and fluctuating mild heat stress
<p>Global climate change can expose insects to high-temperature stress, including extreme and mild heat stress. For soil insects, mild heat stress is more common than extreme heat stress. High summer temperature is a key barrier for Bradysia odoriphaga (Diptera: Sciaridae), a devastating soil pest of vegetables in China. The 4th instar larvae possess the strongest thermal tolerance to high temperatures. To determine whether the 4th instar larvae of B. odoriphaga possess other adaptations to summer mild heat stress besides thermal plasticity, we evaluated the biological performance of 4th instar larvae under constant and fluctuating long-term mild heat stress. The physiological responses were studied including energy storage, hormone level, and expression of related genes. Bioassay results indicated that 4th instar larvae survived, without pupation, for more than 40 days under long-term mild heat stress (34°C). Combined with constant and fluctuating treatment, mild heat stress delayed larval development, reduced longevity, and reduced fecundity. However, a summer diapause-like phenomenon was observed, including larval development stasis under mild heat stress and a prolonged recovery time after mild heat stress. Protective physiological responses were involved in regulating the larval stage including accumulating fat and glycogen, a high level of juvenile hormone, and a low level of molting hormone. Also, high expression levels of hsp70 and hsp90 were detected. The delayed development of B. odoriphaga 4th instar larvae appears to be a special adaptation strategy to withstand mild heat stress in summer, and it is regulated by complex physiological processes.</p>
Biological and physiological responses of Bradysia odoriphaga 4th instar larvae to long-term constant and fluctuating mild heat stress
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Effects of heat hardening on life parameters and thermostability of Bradysia odoriphaga larva and adults
High temperature in summer is a key barrier for <i>Bradysia odoriphaga</i> (Diptera: Sciaridae), a serious pest of vegetables in China. Because mild heat hardening can enhance the thermotolerance of many insects, we determined if heat hardening was beneficial for <i>B. odoriphaga</i> adaptation to high summer temperatures. We studied the biological performance, antioxidant responses and <i>hsp70</i> and <i>hsp90</i> expression of <i>B. odoriphaga </i>4<sup>th</sup> instar larvae and adults after pre-exposure to mild heat hardening temperatures (30-36°C). The tolerance of larvae to severe heat stress was enhanced after mild heat hardening (32-36°C). However, life parameters were significantly inhibited, development was delayed, longevity was shortened and fecundity was decreased. Mild heat hardening (30-34°C) caused serious adverse effects on life parameters and less enhancement of heat resistance for 4<sup>th</sup> larvae. Mild heat hardening at 36°C weakened the heat tolerance of adults. The activity of four antioxidant enzymes in <i>B. odoriphaga</i> changed dramatically after heat hardening at 32-36°C. CAT and GST maintained successive higher activities, and POD also had higher activities in larvae after 48 h recovery at 25°C, pupae, and adults. Simultaneously, the expression levels<i> </i>of<i> hsp70</i> and <i>hsp90</i> increased significantly upon thermal hardening. Higher expression levels were also detected in larvae after 48 h recovery at 25°C, pupae, and adults. Mild heat hardening played an important role in heat tolerance plasticity of <i>B. odoriphaga</i> larvae. The antioxidant system and <i>hsp70</i> and <i>hsp90</i> genes were relevant to this adaptation process.
Effects of heat hardening on life parameters and thermostability of Bradysia odoriphaga larva and adults
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