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Figure 3 in Impact of brood parasitoids and oophagy on survival of Asemonea tenuipes (Araneae: Salticidae: Asemoneinae) broods in Karnataka

Figure 3 (continued from previous page). 27-30, Views of Idris sp. parasitoids emerging from the third brood and, as adult wasps, moving over to the fourth brood, still attended by the female Asemonea. It is likely that this brood will also be infected. 31, View of cocoon (remnant of first brood) and exuviae remaining in second brood, the only successful brood of the four, under the first leaf. Note the presence of a Myrmarachne sp. (arrow) in this Asemonea nest. 32, Five days later the female Asemonea was gone, leaving only scattered eggs from her third and fourth broods on the underside of the second Ficus leaf.

Figure 3 in Impact of brood parasitoids and oophagy on survival of Asemonea tenuipes (Araneae: Salticidae: Asemoneinae) broods in Karnataka

Figure 3 (continued from previous page, continued on next page). 15-16, The mantispid emerged from its cocoon (apparently remnant of first brood) and molted. 17, Detail of empty mantispid cocoon. 18, Mantispid near spiderlings of the second brood. 19, Female Asemonea tending her third brood. 20, View of mantispid and second brood beneath lower leaf, and female attending third brood beneath upper Ficus microcarpa leaf.

Figure 3 in Impact of brood parasitoids and oophagy on survival of Asemonea tenuipes (Araneae: Salticidae: Asemoneinae) broods in Karnataka

Figure 3 (continued from previous page, continued on next page). 21, Mantispid near its empty cocoon and exuvium, also near the developing second brood. 22, About one week later the female Asemonea was gone but the third brood was developing normally. The emergent (instar II) spiderlings shown here most likely came from the second brood. 23, A female Asemonea, perhaps the original female, moved into the nest near the third brood. 24, Same female Asemonea feeding on a chironomid midge in her nest near the second brood. 25, Gravid female Asemonea near the third brood, now clearly infected with Idris sp. parasitoids. 26, Same female after depositing a fourth brood of 18 eggs near the infected third brood.

Figure 3 in Impact of brood parasitoids and oophagy on survival of Asemonea tenuipes (Araneae: Salticidae: Asemoneinae) broods in Karnataka

Figure 3 (continued from previous page, continued on next page). 7, Developing second brood (instar I) under the first leaf. 8, Female Asemonea with third brood under the second leaf (upper left) with cocoon that replaced the first brood and the developing second brood under the first leaf. 9-11,14, Cocoon and developing second brood. 12, Detail of small insect (Heteroptera) near the mantispid cocoon, from (10). 13, Female Asemonea attending her third brood of 10 eggs on the second leaf.

Figure 1 in Impact of brood parasitoids and oophagy on survival of Asemonea tenuipes (Araneae: Salticidae: Asemoneinae) broods in Karnataka

Figure 1 (continued from previous page). 8-9, The 9 instar I spiderlings continued to develop as the female returned to her original colour. 10-12, Still attended by the female, 7 remaining spiderlings molted to the emergent instar (instar II). 13, The female and all of her spiderlings were gone.

Figure 3 in Impact of brood parasitoids and oophagy on survival of Asemonea tenuipes (Araneae: Salticidae: Asemoneinae) broods in Karnataka

Figure 3 (continued on next page). 1-2, Female Asemonea tenuipes attending her nest including a mantispid cocoon and a normal brood of 19 eggs on the underside of a Ficus microcarpa leaf. 3-8, Eggs of the second brood of 19 eggs were hatching (3) as the female Asemonea tenuipes moved to a nearby leaf and deposited a new brood of 10 eggs (6).

Figure 2 in Impact of brood parasitoids and oophagy on survival of Asemonea tenuipes (Araneae: Salticidae: Asemoneinae) broods in Karnataka

Figure 2 (continued from previous page, continued on next page). 5-6, Neuropteran larva (possibly mantispid) feeding on eggs in the more recent or second brood. 7-10, The female Asemonea continued to attend to her nest, now inhabited by the cocooning neuropteran and 7 eggs that may have been damaged or infested by Idris.

Figure 1 in Impact of brood parasitoids and oophagy on survival of Asemonea tenuipes (Araneae: Salticidae: Asemoneinae) broods in Karnataka

Figure 1 (continued on next page). 1, Light green Female A. tenuipes tending her clutch of 9 eggs beneath a leaf of Ficus microcarpa. 2, 9 newly hatched spiderlings (instar I) with short legs. Note that the female was now darker. 3-7, The 9 instar I spiderlings continued to develop.

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

The role of reed management and habitat quality on brood parasitism and chick survival of the brood parasitic Common Cuckoo

Despite efforts on ecosystem restoration and management, biodiversity loss remains one of the major environmental concerns of our time. Beyond the focus on threatened species, animals that indicate regional biodiversity hotspots and population trends, such as brood parasites, should also be targeted by conservation actions. We studied how reed habitat quality and management influence brood parasitism rate and offspring survival in Common Cuckoos Cuculus canorus parasitizing nests of Great Reed Warblers Acrocephalus arundinaceus. In six reed habitats in an intensive agricultural landscape. Data collected from 45 sites over 13 years showed that the brood parasitism rate was highest on large canals and was positively influenced by the availability of potential perches (Cuckoo vantage points) and the height where host nests were built. Cuckoo chick survival decreased with water depth and was not affected by other factors. Our results suggest that the habitat-dependent detectability of host nests was central in brood parasitism rate and that water level was central in Cuckoo chick survival. Our study shows that a maintenance of intermediate water levels is the most optimal for maintaining Cuckoo populations in intensive agricultural landscapes. Because brood parasites are excellent bioindicators as their presence predicts regional hotspots of taxonomic and functional diversity as well as population trends in bird communities, knowledge on their habitat requirements is relevant in management targeting diverse bird communities.

opencc-zeroJan 2023View details →

Why do parents produce small broods of offspring that have lower body mass, survival, and lifetime reproductive success? A case study in a long-lived bird

Numerous studies have examined the correlation between offspring quantity and quality, and many have found that the most common brood size is often smaller than broods with the highest offspring quality or production. However, the reasons why these small broods with lower offspring quality are produced, are still poorly explained. Using data spanning 29 years, we investigated the effects of brood size on nestlings' body mass and the lifetime fitness for those offspring as adults (as proxies of offspring quality) in the Crested Ibis (Nipponia nippon). We also examined the temporal variation of brood size. We found that overall offspring quality increases with brood size and that individuals from broods of three had the highest quality, as quantified by larger body mass, higher adult survival, and lifetime reproductive success. Furthermore, brood size of an individual pair significantly varied across years, and the proportion of broods containing two offspring increased while broods of three decreased after 2000 when the population dispersed to low-quality habitat. These findings indicate that spatiotemporal variation in resources may impact variation in brood size and subsequent fitness consequences, and that small broods are more common in resource-poor years or low-quality habitats. In contrast, parents with access to high-quality resources produce larger broods of nestlings that achieve higher body mass and subsequently experience higher adult survival and lifetime fitness. This study highlights how variation in life history traits can be influenced by resource condition, and provides an insight into particular habitat that need conservation for Crested Ibis.

publicDec 2022View details →

The role of reed management and habitat quality on brood parasitism and chick survival of the brood parasitic Common Cuckoo

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