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FIGURES 37–40. Foreleg. 37, 38 in Descriptions of the developmental stages of Cafius nauticus (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae), with comments on its biology

FIGURES 37–40. Foreleg. 37, 38. First larval instar; 39. Second larval instar; 40. Third larva instar; 38. Seta on tarsungulus. Abbreviations: 1–31=setae, a–d=pores, CX=coxa, FE=femur, TB=tibia, TR=trochanter, TU=tarsungulus.

FIGURES 75–80. Adult. 75–76 in Descriptions of the developmental stages of Cafius nauticus (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae), with comments on its biology

FIGURES 75–80. Adult. 75–76. Habitus of Cafius nauticus in dorsal (75), ventral (76) aspect; 77–78. Aedeagus, lateral (77) and ventral (78) views; 79. Male abdominal tergite X. 79. Male abdominal sternite IX.

FIGURES 24–27. Antenna. 24–26 in Descriptions of the developmental stages of Cafius nauticus (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae), with comments on its biology

FIGURES 24–27. Antenna. 24–26. First larval instar; 27. Third larval instar; 24, 27. General appearance in dorsal aspect; 25. Apex of antennal article IV; 26. Region of sensory appendage of antennal article III. Abbreviations: 1–6=setae, a–d=pores, SA=sensory appendage, SO=solenidia.

FIGURES 19–23. First larval instar 19. Nasale, 20. Mandible, 21–23. Epipharynx. 21 in Descriptions of the developmental stages of Cafius nauticus (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae), with comments on its biology

FIGURES 19–23. First larval instar 19. Nasale, 20. Mandible, 21–23. Epipharynx. 21. Olfactory organs; 22. General appearance; 23. Long cuticular processes posteriorly. Abbreviations: 1–2=setae, a–b=pores, LT=lateral tooth, MT=median tooth, OG=olfactory organ, PMT=paramedian tooth.

FIGURES 52–59. Abdomen. 52–54, 58–59 in Descriptions of the developmental stages of Cafius nauticus (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae), with comments on its biology

FIGURES 52–59. Abdomen. 52–54, 58–59. First larval instar; 52. Abdominal tergites I and II; 53. Abdominal sternites I and II; 54. Fused paratergite and parasternite of abdominal segment I and II; 58. Spiracle; 59. Microstructure of abdominal tergite III; 55–57. Third larva instar; 55. Abdominal tergites I and II; 56. Abdominal sternites I and II; 57. Fused paratergite and parasternite of abdominal segment I and II. Abbreviations: 1–21=setae, a–d=pores, PS=parasternite, PT=paratergite, PTG=pretergal gland, S=sternite, SP=spiracle, T=tergite.

FIGURES 28–32. Maxilla. 28–31 in Descriptions of the developmental stages of Cafius nauticus (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae), with comments on its biology

FIGURES 28–32. Maxilla. 28–31. First larval instar; 32. Third larval instar; 28, 32. General appearance in dorsal aspect; 29. Apex portion of maxillary palp; 30. Region of digitiform sensory appendage of maxillary palp III; 31. Region of mala. Abbreviations: 1–11=setae, a–g=pores, CD=cardo, DSA=digitiform sensory appendage, MA=mala, PF=palpifer, SO=solenidia, ST=stipes.

FIGURES 13–18. Head. 13–17 in Descriptions of the developmental stages of Cafius nauticus (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae), with comments on its biology

FIGURES 13–18. Head. 13–17. First larval instar; 13. Head in dorsal aspect; 14. Head in ventral aspect; 15–16. Seta on head; 17. Ventral tentorial pit; 18. Head of third larva instar in dorsal aspect. Abbreviations: 1–39=setae, a–k=pores, AP=apotome, E=epicranial part, EG=epicranial gland, GP=glandular pit, NA=nasale, P=posterior part, VTP=ventral tentorial pit.

FIGURES 68–74. Pupa. 68–70 in Descriptions of the developmental stages of Cafius nauticus (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae), with comments on its biology

FIGURES 68–74. Pupa. 68–70. Habitus of pupa in dorsal (68), ventral (69) and lateral (70) aspect; 71–72. Microstructure of setiform projections on anterior margin of pronotum; 73–74. Microstructure of setiform projections on abdomen. Abbreviations: VP= ventral prolongations, FSP= functional spiracles, ASP= atrophied spiracles.

FIGURES 60–67. Abdominal segment IX, X and urogomphus. 60–62, 66–67 in Descriptions of the developmental stages of Cafius nauticus (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae), with comments on its biology

FIGURES 60–67. Abdominal segment IX, X and urogomphus. 60–62, 66–67. First larval instar; 60. Abdominal segment IX and X, dorsal aspect; 61. Abdominal segment IX and X, ventral aspect; 62, 66. Urogomphus; 67. Microstructure of abdominal tergite X; 63–65. Mature larva instar; 63. Abdominal segment IX and X, dorsal aspect; 64. Abdominal segment IX and X, ventral aspect; 65. Urogomphus. Abbreviations: 1–30=setae, a–c=pores.

FIGURES 41–51. Thorax. 41–50 in Descriptions of the developmental stages of Cafius nauticus (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae), with comments on its biology

FIGURES 41–51. Thorax. 41–50. First larval instar; 51. Third larval instar; 41, 51. Thorax in dorsal aspect; 42. Thorax in ventral aspect; 43–50. Seta on pronotum and abdominal tergite. Abbreviations: 1–27=setae, a–f=pores, CS=cervicosternum, ES=episternum, SP=spiracle.

FIGURES 33–36. Labium. 33–35 in Descriptions of the developmental stages of Cafius nauticus (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae), with comments on its biology

FIGURES 33–36. Labium. 33–35. First larval instar; 36. Third larval instar; 33, 36. General appearance; 34. Apex portion of ligula; 35. Hypopharynx. Abbreviations: 1–2=setae, a–c=pores, LG=ligula, PMNT=prementum.

FIGURES 81–86 in Descriptions of the developmental stages of Cafius nauticus (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae), with comments on its biology

FIGURES 81–86. Habits and habitats of Cafius nauticus. 81. Habitat of Cafius nauticus (Photo by Mr. Yu-Jie Cai from Guangdong, Shenzhen, Qiniang Mt., 26 May 2021); 82. Decaying algae on beach (Photo by Mr. Yu-Jie Cai from Guangdong, Shenzhen, Qiniang Mt., 26 May 2021); 83. Adult fly, larvae of which are potential prey for Cafius nauticus (Photo by Mr. Yu-Jie Cai from Guangdong, Shenzhen, Qiniang Mt., 23 Sep 2021); 84. Cafius nauticus, under a stone on beach (Photo by Mr. Yu-Jie Cai from Guangdong, Shenzhen, Qiniang Mt., 23 Sep 2021); 85. Mating behavior of Cafius nauticus (Photo by Mr. Yu-Jie Cai in laboratory, 25 Jun 2021); 86. Aggregative feeding behavior of Cafius nauticus (Photo by Mr. Yu-Jie Cai in laboratory, 5 Jul 2021).

FIGURES 1–12. Cafius nauticus. 1–3 in Descriptions of the developmental stages of Cafius nauticus (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae), with comments on its biology

FIGURES 1–12. Cafius nauticus. 1–3. Egg; 1–2. Surface microstructure; 3. General appearance; 4–6. Habitus of first larval instar in dorsal (4), ventral (5) and lateral (6) aspect; 7–9. Habitus of second larval instar in dorsal (7), ventral (8) and lateral (9) aspect; 10–12. Habitus of third larva instar in dorsal (10), ventral (11) and lateral (12) aspect.

Fig. 2 in Cafius velutinus Fauvel, a New Synonym of Cafius catenatus Fauvel (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae)

Fig. 2. Habitus photographs of Cafius catenatus showing body color variation. A–C) Whole body, D) Body without abdominal segments VIII–X. Forebody length (from clypeus to elytra): A, 4.18 mm; B, 3.93 mm; C, 3.92 mm; D, 4.34 mm.

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Fig. 2 in Cafius zealandicus Cameron, a New Synonym of Cafius maritimus (Broun) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae)

Fig. 2. Diagnostic characters of Cafius maritimus. A) Head, dorsal aspect, B) Pronotum, dorsal aspect, C) Aedeagus, dorsal aspect, D) Aedeagus, lateral aspect.

Fig. 3 in Cafius velutinus Fauvel, a New Synonym of Cafius catenatus Fauvel (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae)

Fig. 3. Aedeagi of Cafius catenatus with different body color. A–D) Dorsal aspect, E–H) Lateral aspect. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 7 in A Taxonomic Review of Coastal Cafius algarum (Sharp) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) with Two New Synonyms and Discussion of Its Distributional Extension

Fig. 7. The strict consensus tree of equally parsimonious cladograms of Cafius algarum and related species based on partial COI and 28S gene sequences with bootstrap values.

Fig. 5. Cafius algarum. A in A Taxonomic Review of Coastal Cafius algarum (Sharp) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) with Two New Synonyms and Discussion of Its Distributional Extension

Fig. 5. Cafius algarum. A) Male tergite VIII, dorsal aspect, B) Male sternite VIII, ventral aspect, C) Male sternite IX, ventral aspect, D) Male laterotergal sclerite and tergite X, dorsal aspect, E) Female sternite VIII, ventral aspect, F) Gonocoxite, ventral aspect, G) Female tergite X, dorsal aspect, H) Aedeagus, dorsal aspect, I) Aedeagus, lateral aspect, J) Paramere, underside. Scales = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 4. Cafius algarum. A in A Taxonomic Review of Coastal Cafius algarum (Sharp) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) with Two New Synonyms and Discussion of Its Distributional Extension

Fig. 4. Cafius algarum. A) Antenna, B) Front tibia, lateral aspect, C) Front tarsus, dorsal aspect, D) Abdomen, dorsal aspect.

Fig. 3 in A Taxonomic Review of Coastal Cafius algarum (Sharp) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) with Two New Synonyms and Discussion of Its Distributional Extension

Fig. 3. SEM images of Cafius algarum. A) Head, dorsal aspect, B) Head, ventral aspect, C) Pronotum, dorsal aspect, D) Prosternum, ventral aspect, E) Elytra, dorsal aspect, F) Meso- and metaventrites, ventral aspect.