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1,001 results for “California Current”
Data from: Satellite-based Lagrangian model reveals how upwelling and oceanic circulation shape krill hotspots in the California Current System [updated]
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>In the California Current System, wind-driven nutrient supply and primary production, computed from satellite data, provide a synoptic view of how phytoplankton production is coupled to upwelling. In contrast, linking upwelling to zooplankton populations is difficult due to relatively scarce observations and the inherent patchiness of zooplankton. While phytoplankton respond quickly to environmental forcing, zooplankton grow slower and tend to aggregate into mesoscale “hotspot” regions spatially decoupled from upwelling centers. To better understand mechanisms controlling the formation of zooplankton hotspots, we use a satellite-based Lagrangian method where variables from a plankton model, forced by wind-driven nutrient supply, are advected by near-surface currents following upwelling events. Modeled zooplankton distribution reproduces published accounts of euphausiid (krill) hotspots, including the location of major hotspots and their interannual variability. This satellite-based modeling tool is used to analyze the variability and drivers of krill hotspots in the California Current System, and to investigate how water masses of different origin and history converge to form predictable biological hotspots. The Lagrangian framework suggests that two conditions are necessary for a hotspot to form: a convergence of coastal water masses, and above average nutrient supply where these water masses originated from. The results highlight the role of upwelling, oceanic circulation, and plankton temporal dynamics in shaping krill mesoscale distribution, seasonal northward propagation, and interannual variability.</p> <p><strong>Data set description</strong></p> <p>This data set includes 2 files:</p> <ul> <li>a satellite-based 1993-2023 monthly retrospective of krill concentrations (Zbig) modeled using the growth-advection method in the California Current upwelling system. Inputs include the nitrate supply product described below and GlobCurrent 15 m oceanic currents. This dataset is updated monthly (using NRT data) at https://www.mbari.org/science/upper-ocean-systems/biological-oceanography/krill-hotspots-in-the-california-current/.</li> <li>a satellite-based 1993-2023 monthly retrospective of wind-driven nitrate supply estimated in a 150 km coastal band at 0.125° latitudinal resolution. Nitrate supply was calculated based primarily on CCMP v3.1 winds, AVISO geostrophic currents, and a climatology of in situ nitrate at 60m. This dataset is updated monthly (using NRT data) at https://www.mbari.org/science/upper-ocean-systems/biological-oceanography/nitrate-supply-estimates-in-upwelling-systems/.</li> </ul> <p>See details regarding data sources and calculations in <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.835813">Messié et al. (2022)</a>.</p> <p>[IMPORTANT NOTE:] There is an error in the Ekman pumping fields (trans_pump, Nsupply_pump, Nsupply_total) that will be corrected soon (those fields are not used in publications where only coastal transport was considered). Please contact me if you need Ekman pumping fields before this is fixed.</p>
Chlorophyll and phaeopigments measured from discrete bottle samples from CCE LTER process cruises in the California Current System, determined by extraction and bench fluorometry, 2006 - 2024 (ongoing).
Discrete bottle samples taken from various depths in the CCE region are filtered (known volumes) onto GF/F filters onboard the CCE Process cruises (since 2006, ongoing). The filters are placed into culture tubes containing 90% acetone, and the fluorescence of the samples is read on a fluorometer after 24 to 48 hours. The samples are then acidified to degrade the chlorophyll to phaeopigments (non-photosynthetic pigments) and a second reading is taken. The readings prior to and after acidification are used to calculate concentrations of both chlorophyll a and phaeopigments (i.e. phaeophytin).
CCE LTER process cruise, in the California Current region, event log records including date, time, position and activity for use in post-cruise data integration based on co-sampling indexes. From 2006 to 2019 CCE LTER used a locally developed event logging system. During P2107, CCE LTER started to utilize the R2R Event Logger on UNOL ships, 2006 - 2024 (ongoing).
The event logger program developed and maintained by the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations, SIO, program is used aboard CCE LTER process cruises to create indexes with temporal, spatial and activity information for post-cruise data integration. The event log is configured aboard the ship for the recording of sampling events by both ship crew personnel on the bridge, and research personnel in the lab. The event log is processed post-cruise to correct for various errors.
Temporal and spatial changes of the abundance and species composition of phytoplankton in the California Current from samples collected aboard CalCOFI cruises from summer 1996 through 2022.
The abundances of 385 taxonomic categories of phytoplankton (species where possible) are presented for the 26.5 -year period beginning with summer, 1996 and concluding with autumn 2022. There were four cruises per year. Samples were water samples collected from the second depth, which was designed to sample the mixed layer when a mixed layer existed, generally between 5m - 15m. Before counting, samples from single stations were pooled into four regions: NE (northern inshore), SE (southern inshore), Alley (the region of the California Current) and Offshore (Central Pacific). Pooled samples were enumerated with an inverted microscope. The species data are presented by seven major taxonomic categories followed by the sums of those major taxa. The species codes are defined in the table metadata.
Dissolved trace element concentration profiles of micronutrients (Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Co) and contaminants (Cd, Pb) in seawater from discrete bottle samples from CCE Process Cruises in the California Current System, 2021 - 2025 (ongoing).
Dissolved trace element is sampled from the trace metal clean rosette. The sample is collected by filtering seawater through a 0.2µm PES filter. The seawater sample is then acidified to pH~1.8 using ultra clean hydrochloric acid and subsequently analyzed using sector-field inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, scanning in low and medium resolution, with either standard curve or isotope dilution methods. The samples are used to develop a description of the distribution of dissolved trace elements in the CCE region.
DATASETS - Pervasive iron limitation at subsurface chlorophyll maxima of the California Current
<p>R and Python code for processing these datasets are available from: 10.5281/zenodo.1495504</p> <p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Subsurface chlorophyll maximum layers (SCMLs) are nearly ubiquitous in stratified water columns and exist at horizontal scales ranging from the submesoscale to the extent of oligotrophic gyres. These layers of heightened chlorophyll and/or phytoplankton concentrations are generally thought to be a consequence of a balance between light energy from above and a limiting nutrient flux from below, typically nitrate (NO3). Here we present multiple lines of evidence demonstrating that iron (Fe) limits or with light colimits phytoplankton communities in SCMLs along a primary productivity gradient from coastal to oligotrophic offshore waters in the southern California Current ecosystem. SCML phytoplankton responded markedly to added Fe or Fe/light in experimental incubations and transcripts of diatom and picoeukaryote Fe stress genes were strikingly abundant in SCML metatranscriptomes. Using a biogeochemical proxy with data from a 40-y time series, we find that diatoms growing in California Current SCMLs are persistently Fe deficient during the spring and summer growing season.We also find that the spatial extent of Fe deficiency within California Current SCMLs has significantly increased over the last 25 y in line with a regional climate index. Finally, we show that diatom Fe deficiency may be common in the subsurface of major upwelling zones worldwide. Our results have important implications for our understanding of the biogeochemical consequences of marine SCML formation and maintenance.</p>
Picophytoplankton and bacteria abundances analyzed with flow cytometry (FCM) from CCE-CalCOFI Augmented cruises in the California Current System, 2004 - 2023 (ongoing).
Picophytoplankton populations and non-pigmented prokaryotes are sampled within the California Current Ecosystem (CCE) for abundances from 3 to 8 depths at CalCOFI stations. Seawater is collected from Niskin bottles and cells are fixed in the field aboard the survey cruises (since 2004, ongoing) with paraformaldehyde, and stained with a DNA-specific dye back in the laboratory. The cells are enumerated by an Altra flow cytometer (with a syringe pump for volumetric sample delivery) simultaniously with argon ion lasers, to distinguish three major populations of photoautotrophs (Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus, and pico-eukaryotes) and the assemblage of heterotrophic prokaryotes collectively referred to as H-Bact.
Water column primary production per day integrated over the euphotic zone from CCE LTER process cruises in the California Current System, 2006 - 2021 (ongoing).
Derived dataset of vertically integrated primary production (uptake rate of carbon) of particulate organic carbon (POC) using 14C uptake measurements from in situ incubations, filtering methods and measured in mg/m²/day.
Measurements, from CCE LTER process cruises in the California Current region, of dissolved inorganic concentrations of nutrient iron and of iron limitation at selected stations and depths, 2006 - 2021 (ongoing).
Measurements are made of dissolved iron, total iron and the potential for phytoplankton iron limitation on CCE LTER Process cruises (since 2006, ongoing) in coastal transition zones of the southern California Current System. This is a weak upwelling regime that is relatively low in nutrients and chlorophyll. Changes in phytoplankton (Chla response to Fe+) and nutrient parameters upon iron addition are also investigated.
Picophytoplankton and bacteria total carbon estimates from cell counts analyzed with flow cytometry (FCM) from CCE-CalCOFI Augmented cruises in the California Current System, 2004 - 2023(ongoing).
Picophytoplankton populations and non-pigmented prokaryotes are sampled within the California Current Ecosystem (CCE) for abundances from 3 to 8 depths at CalCOFI stations. Seawater is collected from Niskin bottles and cells are fixed in the field aboard the survey cruises (since 2004, ongoing) with paraformaldehyde, and stained with a DNA-specific dye back in the laboratory. The cells are enumerated by an Altra flow cytometer (with a syringe pump for volumetric sample delivery) simultaniously with argon ion lasers, to distinguish three major populations of photoautotrophs (Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus, and pico-eukaryotes) and the assemblage of heterotrophic prokaryotes collectively referred to as H-Bact. FCM abundance estimates for each are converted to carbon biomass equivalents using mixed-layer estimates.
Total dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen measurements at selected depths in the water column from CCE LTER process cruises in the California Current System, 2006 - 2021 (ongoing).
Water column bottle samples at multiple depths are taken during CCE Process cruises (since 2006, ongoing) at various CTD stations, and measurements of total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) are performed onshore in the lab. TOC includes both dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC and POC, respectively). TN includes particulate and dissolved organic nitrogen as well as dissolved inorganic nitrogen species. In open ocean waters, POC is subtracted from TOC, and likely provides an accurate estimate of DOC because particles are typically small and homogeneously distributed in the sample. In coastal waters, and at stations where relatively high chlorophyll concentrations are present, the TOC measurement is not easily converted to DOC by subtracting POC values. Experience has shown that particles in these regions are large and inhomogeneously distributed. Therefore, samples collected in the CCE are reported as TOC and TN, expressed as micromoles of carbon (nitrogen) per liter of sea water.
Sediment trap fecal pellets enumerations collected aboard CCE LTER process cruises in the California Current system, 2007, 2008 and 2016.
The collection and enumeration of sinking fecal pellets on CCE LTER Process cruises has been led by Mike Stukel since 2007. Sinking particles are collected in VERTEX-style particle interceptor traps (PIT) with an 8:1 aspect ratio, 70-mm diameter, and a baffle on top comprised of 13 smaller beveled tubes with a similar 8:1 aspect ratio. Tubes are deployed with a formalin-brine for a duration of 2-5 days. After recovery, samples are gently split on a Folsom splitter and typically 3/8 to 1/2 of two separate tubes are utilized for fecal pellet enumeration. After the cruise, samples for fecal pellet enumeration are placed in a settling chamber to allow fecal pellets to settle out. Overlying water is then strained through a 60-um filter to collect any pellets that may have remained in the water. Pellets were then placed on a gridded Petri dish and analyzed using a Zeiss Discovery stereomicroscope. Pellets were separated from other particles and photographed with a dedicated camera. Image processing was then conducted using either Image J or Image Pro to extract area and maximum feret length for each fecal pellet. Pellets were classified by shape and shape-appropriate equations were used to determine the volume of each fecal pellet. Volume was converted to mass using the equations in Stukel et al. (2013). ‘Sample’ refers to which of two samples the fecal pellet was contained within. ‘PelletID’ is the identifier for each fecal pellet in a sample. ‘Conversion Factor’ accounts for the proportion of a sample that was sorted for fecal pellets, as well as the deployment duration and cross-sectional area of the sediment trap. To determine the mass flux of fecal pellets of a certain type: 1) Sum the pellet mass for all fecal pellets of that type in a given sample and 2) multiply by the Conversion factor for that sample. ‘Shape’ is an identifier for the shape of a fecal pellet: 1) ovoid, 2) cylindrical, 3) spherical, 4) tabular, 5) amorphous, 6) ellipsoidal, 7) degraded fecal mater
Station data of passive and active fluorescence measurements of chlorophyll-a (Chl), phycoerythrin (PE), chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM), and variable fluorescence (Fv/Fm) from CCE-CalCOFI Augmented cruises in the California Current System, 2012 - October 2020.
Active and passive fluorescence measurements are made using the ALFA5 system (Chekalyuk and Hafez, 2013) on water from the ship’s underway system (these are not samples from bottles!) during CalCOFI cruises while on station. The instrument uses excitation at 405 and 510 nm to measures passively the fluorescence of chlorophyll-a (Chl), three different phycoerythrins (PE1, PE2 and PE3) and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM). Variable fluorescence (Fv/Fm) is measured actively using pump-during-probe (PDP) measurements of Chl a fluorescence induction. Fluorescence measurements are normalized to the water’s Raman fluorescence. ALF data are merged with CTD and bottle data that were collected by the CalCOFI group.
Continuous passive and active fluorescence measurements of chlorophyll-a (Chl), phycoerythrin (PE), chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM), and variable fluorescence (Fv/Fm) from CCE-CalCOFI Augmented cruises in the California Current System, 2012 - 2020
Active and passive fluorescence measurements are made using the ALFA5 system (Chekalyuk and Hafez, 2013) on water from the ship’s underway system during CalCOFI cruises. The instrument uses excitation at 405 and 510 nm to measures passively the fluorescence of chlorophyll-a (Chl), three different phycoerythrins (PE1, PE2 and PE3) and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM). Variable fluorescence (Fv/Fm) is measured actively using pump-during-probe (PDP) measurements of Chl a fluorescence induction. Fluorescence measurements are normalized to the water’s Raman fluorescence.
Continuous passive and active fluorescence measurements of chlorophyll-a (Chl), phycoerythrin (PE), chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM), and variable fluorescence (Fv/Fm) from CCE process cruises in the California Current System, 2012 - 2019 (ongoing).
Active and passive fluorescence measurements are made using the ALFA5 system (Chekalyuk and Hafez, 2013) on water from the ship’s underway system during CCE process cruises. The instrument uses excitation at 405 and 510 nm to measures passively the fluorescence of chlorophyll-a (Chl), three different phycoerythrins (PE1, PE2 and PE3) and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM). Variable fluorescence (Fv/Fm) is measured actively using pump-during-probe (PDP) measurements of Chl a fluorescence induction. Fluorescence measurements are normalized to the water’s Raman fluorescence.
California Current Ecosystem Euphausiid data, Brinton and Townsend Euphausiid Database (BTEDB)
These euphausiid data are generated from samples taken by the CalCOFI (California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations) program, starting with the 1951 cruises. Data are obtained by enumeration of samples by trained microscopists with a high level of taxonomic expertise, beginning with the late Edward Brinton, including Annie Townsend’s assistance starting in the 1970’s, and then by Linsey Sala from 2011 to present. Only a limited subset of the CalCOFI samples have been enumerated taxonomically, primarily from springtime cruises. Since 2004, taxonomic analysis has been carried out as part of the CCE-LTER (California Current Ecosystem Long-Term Ecological Research) program, supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation. The primary geographic area analyzed is the Southern California region (CalCOFI lines 77 to 93, inclusive), supplemented by more limited springtime cruises from the Central California region (lines 60 to 73). Samples are all double oblique samples taken with a bongo net beginning in Dec. 1977 or a ring net prior to that time, nominally from 210-0 m, bottom depth permitting.
Particulate organic carbon and nitrogen measurements at selected depths in the water column from CalCOFI-CCE Augmented cruises in the California Current System, 2004 - November 2022
Water column bottle samples at multiple depths are taken during CalCOFI cruises (since 2004, ongoing) at various CTD stations, filtered, and stored at -20°C. Measurements of particulate organic carbon (POC) and nitrogen (PON) are performed onshore in the lab where samples are acidified, dried and analyzed by high-temperature combustion. The sample and tin capsule react with oxygen and combust at 1000°C, and the sample is broken down, thus converting organic carbon to CO2 and reducing nitrogen oxides to N2 gas. Both gases are measured by thermal conductivity. Samples analyzed within the CCE constrain the mean C:N ratio of small particulates and by difference relative to measured living biomass, the biomass of suspended detritus.
Primary production estimates from 14C uptake (in situ), determined by the incorporation of inorganic carbon into particulate organic carbon (POC) due to photosynthesis at selected light levels from CCE LTER process cruises in the California Current System, 2006 - 2021 (ongoing).
Primary productivity samples of seawater are taken each day shortly before noon on the CTD rosette up-cast during the CCE Process crusies (since 2006, ongoing). Light penetration below the surface is estimated from the Secchi disk depth. Niskin bottles from depths with ambient light intensities corresponding to light levels simulated by on-deck incubators are identified and sampled. Primary production is estimated from 14C uptake using this simulated in situ technique (followed by filtering) by which the assimilation of dissolved inorganic carbon by phytoplankton yields a measure (in µg/L/day) of the rate of photosynthetic primary production (particulate organic carbon, POC) at selected light levels in the euphotic zone within the CCE study area.
Measurements from CalCOFI cruises in the California Current System, including log of station information, weather, sea conditions as well as physical, chemical and biological measurements including including temperature, salinity, oxygen, density, sigma theta, phosphate, silicate, nitrite, nitrate, ammonia, chlorophyll a, integrated chlorophyll a, primary productivity, and integrated primary production. 1949 - January 2020
Since 1949, hydrographic and biological data of the California Current System have been collected on quarterly CalCOFI cruises. The 59+ year hydrographic time-series includes weather, temperature, salinity, oxygen and phosphate observations. In 1961, nutrient analysis expanded to include silicate, nitrate and nitrite; in 1973, chlorophyll was added; in 1984, C14 primary productivity incubations were added. These data are being provided here in collaboration with CalCOFI-SIO in order to provide an additional queriable interface to the data. The data are updated on a regular basis from the CalCOFI hydrographic database.
Sea Surface Height (SSH) maps for the California Current System, Jan-May 2018
<p>This is a dataset in netCDF format comprising daily sea surface height maps in the California Current system during between Jan-May 2018, produced by AVISO and 2DVAR, described and analyzed in the research paper:</p> <p>Archer, M., Li, Z., & Fu, L.‐L. (2020). Increasing the space‐time resolution of mapped sea surface height from altimetry. <em>Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans</em>, 125, e2019JC015878. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015878">https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015878</a></p> <p>Please see metadata and/or paper for more details. </p>
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