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5 results for “Calypte anna”
Anna's hummingbird (Calypte anna) physiological response to novel thermal and hypoxic conditions at high elevations
<p>Many species have not tracked their thermal niches upslope as predicted by climate change, potentially because higher elevations are associated with abiotic challenges beyond temperature. To better predict if organisms can continue to move upslope with rising temperatures, we need to understand their physiological performance when subjected to novel high elevation conditions. Here, we captured Anna's hummingbirds – a species expanding their elevational distribution in concordance with rising temperatures – from across their current elevational distribution and tested their physiological response to novel abiotic conditions. First, at a central aviary within their current elevational range, we measured hovering metabolic rate to assess their response to oxygen conditions and torpor use to assess their response to thermal conditions. Second, we transported the hummingbirds to a location 1200 meters above their current elevational range limit to test an acute response to novel oxygen and thermal conditions. Hummingbirds exhibited lower hovering metabolic rates above their current elevational range limit, suggesting lower oxygen availability may reduce performance after an acute exposure. Alternatively, hummingbirds showed a facultative response to thermal conditions by using torpor more frequently and longer. Finally, post-experimental dissection found that hummingbirds originating from higher elevations within their range had larger hearts, a potential plastic response to hypoxic environments. Overall, our results suggest lower oxygen availability and low air pressure may be difficult challenges to overcome for hummingbirds shifting upslope due to rising temperatures, especially if there is little to no long-term acclimatization. Future studies should investigate how chronic exposure and acclimatization to novel conditions, as opposed to acute experiments, may result in alternative outcomes that help organisms better respond to abiotic challenges associated climate-induced range shifts.</p>
Anna's hummingbird (Calypte anna) physiological response to novel thermal and hypoxic conditions at high elevations
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Data from: Avoiding topsy-turvy: how Anna's Hummingbirds (Calypte anna) fly through upward gusts
Flying organisms frequently confront the challenge of maintaining stability when moving within highly dynamic airflows near the Earth's surface. Either aerodynamic or inertial forces generated by appendages and other structures, such as the tail, may be used to offset aerial perturbations, but these responses have not been well characterized. To better understand how hummingbirds modify wing and tail motions in response to individual gusts, we filmed Anna's Hummingbirds as they negotiated an upward jet of fast moving air. Birds exhibited large variation in wing elevation, tail pitch, and tail fan angles among transits as they repeatedly negotiated the same gust, and often exhibited a dramatic decrease in body angle (28 ± 6 degrees) post-transit. After extracting three-dimensional kinematic features, we identified a spectrum of control strategies for gust transit, with one extreme involving continuous flapping, no tail fanning, and little disruption to body posture (23 ± 3 degrees downward pitch), and the other extreme characterized by dorsal wing pausing, tail fanning, and greater downward body pitch (38 ± 4 degrees). The use of a deflectable tail on a glider model transiting the same gust resulted in enhanced stability and can easily be implemented in design of aerial robots.
Data from: Avoiding topsy-turvy: how Anna's Hummingbirds (Calypte anna) fly through upward gusts
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Low coverage whole genomes of Calypte anna across California, USA
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