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Figure 11 in Development, phylogeny, and taxonomy of Bostrycapulus (Caenogastropoda: Calyptraeidae), an ancient cryptic radiation

Figure 11. The shells of the holotypes of the four new species. A, Bostrycapulus latebrus (FMNH 282358). B, B. odites (Natal Museum V9447/T1783). C, B. pritzkeri (Australian Museum #C400000). D, B. urraca (ANSP 412178). Scale bar = 10 mm.

Figure 4 in Development, phylogeny, and taxonomy of Bostrycapulus (Caenogastropoda: Calyptraeidae), an ancient cryptic radiation

Figure 4. Unrooted haplotype network of COI sequences from Bostrycapulus calyptraeformis. Slashes on branches show the number of differences between the haplotypes. Branches without slashes have a length of one. Size of the circles represent the number of individuals with that haplotype.

Figure 1 in Development, phylogeny, and taxonomy of Bostrycapulus (Caenogastropoda: Calyptraeidae), an ancient cryptic radiation

Figure 1. Photographs of (A) Bostrycapulus calyptraeformis from Venado Beach in Panama and (B) B. odites sp. nov. from the subtidal of Playa Orengo (the three shells on the right) and the intertidal zone of nearby San Antonio Oeste (the shell on the left), Argentina. Both plates show the variation in shell colour and spine development found in samples collected from the same site. Samples from within a site do not differ in more than three or four base pairs in COI sequences. Scale bars = 10 mm.

Figure 8. A, 2 in Development, phylogeny, and taxonomy of Bostrycapulus (Caenogastropoda: Calyptraeidae), an ancient cryptic radiation

Figure 8. A, 2-week-old larva of Bostrycapulus calyptraeformis showing the velar pigment, shell sculpture (on the top of the shell) and large foot. Scale bar = 300 Mm. B, intracapsular larva of B. aculeatus showing the welldeveloped velum with pigment spots and body pigmentation. Scale bar = 200 Mm.

Figure 7 in Development, phylogeny, and taxonomy of Bostrycapulus (Caenogastropoda: Calyptraeidae), an ancient cryptic radiation

Figure 7. Embryos of Bostrycapulus urraca sp. nov. A, early postgastrula stage where the embryo is covered with a thin ciliated epithelium. B, mid-veliger stage, showing the granulated shell sculpture, the operculum behind the well-developed foot, the single embryonic kidneys and the reduced velum. C, Hatching stage, showing the well-developed shell sculpture. Scale bar = 150 Mm.

Figure 3 in Development, phylogeny, and taxonomy of Bostrycapulus (Caenogastropoda: Calyptraeidae), an ancient cryptic radiation

Figure 3. The Bayesian best estimate topology of the phylogeny of Bostrycapulus based on 16S. Numbers above the branches represent bootstrap percentages and those below the branches are Bayesian support. Branches are labelled with the collecting locality and the individual code. * = type individual.

Figure 9 in Development, phylogeny, and taxonomy of Bostrycapulus (Caenogastropoda: Calyptraeidae), an ancient cryptic radiation

Figure 9. Illustrations of anatomy of Bostrycapulus, drawn from observations of several animals of B. odites sp. nov. from Argentina. There are no differences among species in the characters depicted here. A, dorsal view of the animal subsequent to removal from the shell. B, dorsal view of the animal with the mantle reflected. C, osphradium. D, penis. Abbreviations: cg, capsule gland; ct, ctenidia; dg, digestive gland; e, oesophagus; f, foot; fp, food pouch; g, seminal groove; gd, gonad; hg, hypobranchial gland; i, intestine; k, kidney; nr, nerve ring; os, osphradium; sg, salivary gland; sm, shell muscle; ss, style sac; st, stomach; v, ventricle.

Figure 2 in Development, phylogeny, and taxonomy of Bostrycapulus (Caenogastropoda: Calyptraeidae), an ancient cryptic radiation

Figure 2. The Bayesian best estimate topology of the phylogeny of Bostrycapulus based on COI. Numbers above the branches represent bootstrap percentages and those below the branches are Bayesian support. Branches are labelled with the collecting locality and the individual code. * = type individual.

Figure 6 in Development, phylogeny, and taxonomy of Bostrycapulus (Caenogastropoda: Calyptraeidae), an ancient cryptic radiation

Figure 6. Embryos of Bostrycapulus pritzkeri sp. nov. Note the distinctive granular shell sculpture and the absence of a distinct velum at all stages. A, excapsulated early stage embryos at the beginning of shell formation. Scale bar = 150 Mm. B, excapsulated embryos with welldeveloped shells showing granular shell sculpture and the small ridge of the velum at the base of the tentacle. Scale bar = 250 Mm. C, encapsulated embryos near hatching with fully developed shell and body pigmentation. Scale bar = 250 Mm.

Figure 5. Protoconchs. A in Development, phylogeny, and taxonomy of Bostrycapulus (Caenogastropoda: Calyptraeidae), an ancient cryptic radiation

Figure 5. Protoconchs. A, Bostrycapulus pritzkeri sp. nov. from Sydney. B, B. calyptraeformis from the Perlas Islands, Panama. C, B. cf. tegulicia from Cape Verde. D, B. gravispinosus from Minabe, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan. E, B. calyptraeformis from Paita, Peru. F, B. odities sp. nov. from Playa Orengo, Argentina. G, B. urraca sp. nov. from Isla Parida, Panama. H, B. aculeatus from Lido Key, Florida. I, B. odites sp. nov. from São Paulo, Brazil. All are to the same scale. Scale bar = 500 Mm.

FIGURES 88–96, Crepidula depressa anatomy. Fig. 88 in Morphological and phylogenetic study of the Western Atlantic Crepidula plana complex (Caenogastropoda, Calyptraeidae), with description of three new species from Brazil

FIGURES 88–96, Crepidula depressa anatomy. Fig. 88: pallial cavity roof, detail of region of osphradium and anterior end of gill, ventral view. Fig. 89: head and haemocoel, ventral view, foot removed. Fig. 90: dorsal region of buccal mass, ventral view, odontophore removed, anterior esophagus sectioned longitudinally, inner surface exposed. Fig. 91: headfoot, male, dorsal view, pallial cavity and visceral mass removed. Fig. 92: digestive tubes as in situ, ventral view, topology of pallial oviduct also shown. Fig. 93: isolated visceral mass, male, ventral view, structures seen by transparency. Fig. 94: central nervous system, ventral view, adjacent portion of esophagus also shown, a single statocyst shown. Fig. 95: detail of female genital papilla, posterior view. Fig. 96: pallial oviduct as in situ, ventral view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURES 119–129 in Morphological and phylogenetic study of the Western Atlantic Crepidula plana complex (Caenogastropoda, Calyptraeidae), with description of three new species from Brazil

FIGURES 119–129, Type and voucher specimens of some Crepidula worthy for this study. Fig. 119–122: Crepidula aplysioides, one of four syntypes, BMNH 1977137 (length= 23 mm); Figs 119–121: ventral, dorsal and right views respectively; Fig. 122: detail of region of right side of septum insertion, showing large muscle scar (arrow). Figs. 123–125: Crepidula glauca voucher specimen (one of four) from Reeve (1859), BMNH 1829 (length= 20 mm), ventral, dorsal and left views respectively. Figs 126–129: Crepidula convexa voucher specimens; Figs. 126–127: specimen figured by Reeve (1859), BMNH 1829 (length= 10 mm), ventral and right views. Figs. 128–129: voucher of Hoagland (1977), ANSP 357830 (length= 11 mm), ventral and rightslightly oblique views.

FIGURE 118 in Morphological and phylogenetic study of the Western Atlantic Crepidula plana complex (Caenogastropoda, Calyptraeidae), with description of three new species from Brazil

FIGURE 118: Biogeographic mapping between obtained cladogram (right) and geographic occurrence of each studies species (left), showing a general evolutionary ascension from south to north of the ingroup species..

FIGURES 107–110, Crepidula carioca anatomy. Fig. 107 in Morphological and phylogenetic study of the Western Atlantic Crepidula plana complex (Caenogastropoda, Calyptraeidae), with description of three new species from Brazil

FIGURES 107–110, Crepidula carioca anatomy. Fig. 107: pallial cavity roof, detail of region of osphradium and anterior end of gill, ventral view. Fig. 108: headfoot, male, dorsal view, pallial cavity and visceral mass removed. Fig. 109: isolated visceral mass, male, ventral view, structures seen by transparency. Fig. 110: pallial oviduct as in situ, ventral view, topology of anus also shown. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURES 97–101, Crepidula pyguaia anatomy. Fig. 97 in Morphological and phylogenetic study of the Western Atlantic Crepidula plana complex (Caenogastropoda, Calyptraeidae), with description of three new species from Brazil

FIGURES 97–101, Crepidula pyguaia anatomy. Fig. 97: headfoot, female, dorsal view, pallial cavity and visceral mass removed. Fig. 98: pallial cavity roof and visceral mass, dorsal view, headfoot removed. Fig. 99: visceral mass and pallial cavity separated from headfoot, ventral view, ventral portion of visceral mass (floor of pallial cavity) sectioned longitudinally at left (right in Fig.) and deflected, some portions of gill filaments partially removed, pallial roof exposed. Fig. 100: pallial cavity roof, detail of region of osphradium and anterior end of gill, ventral view. Fig. 101: pallial cavity roof, transversal section tangent to rectum. Scale bars = 2 mm.

FIGURES 83–87, Crepidula depressa anatomy. Fig. 83 in Morphological and phylogenetic study of the Western Atlantic Crepidula plana complex (Caenogastropoda, Calyptraeidae), with description of three new species from Brazil

FIGURES 83–87, Crepidula depressa anatomy. Fig. 83: whole view of a specimen removed from shell, female, dorsal view. Fig. 84: headfoot, female, dorsal view, pallial cavity and visceral mass removed. Fig. 85: pallial cavity roof, transversal section tangent to rectum. Fig. 86: visceral mass and pallial cavity separated from headfoot, ventral view. Fig. 87: same, ventral portion of visceral mass (floor of pallial cavity) sectioned longitudinally at left (right in Fig.) and deflected, some portions of gill filaments partially removed, pallial roof exposed. Scale bars = 2 mm.

FIGURES 79–82, Crepidula atrasolea anatomy. Fig. 79 in Morphological and phylogenetic study of the Western Atlantic Crepidula plana complex (Caenogastropoda, Calyptraeidae), with description of three new species from Brazil

FIGURES 79–82, Crepidula atrasolea anatomy. Fig. 79: headfoot, male, dorsal view, pallial cavity and visceral mass removed. Fig. 80: isolated visceral mass, male, ventral view, structures seen by transparency. Fig. 81: penis, ventral view. Fig. 82: pallial oviduct as in situ, ventral view. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

FIGURES 73–78, Crepidula atrasolea anatomy. Fig. 73 in Morphological and phylogenetic study of the Western Atlantic Crepidula plana complex (Caenogastropoda, Calyptraeidae), with description of three new species from Brazil

FIGURES 73–78, Crepidula atrasolea anatomy. Fig. 73: pallial cavity roof, detail of region of osphradium and anterior end of gill, ventral view. Fig. 74: visceral mass portion encroaching in pallial roof, ventral view, ventral membrane of pericardium mostly removed, only a short portion of gill shown. Fig. 75: head and haemocoel, ventral view, foot removed. Fig. 76: isolated odontophore, ventral view. Fig. 77: visceral mass portion encroaching in pallial roof, ventral view, details of renal area, ventral membrane of pericardium removed, renal ventral wall sectioned longitudinally and deflected, inner structures exposed. Fig. 78: middle and distal digestive tubes, ventral view, seen as in situ, some adjacent structures also shown. Scale bars = 1 mm.

FIGURES 102–106, Crepidula pyguaia anatomy. Fig. 102 in Morphological and phylogenetic study of the Western Atlantic Crepidula plana complex (Caenogastropoda, Calyptraeidae), with description of three new species from Brazil

FIGURES 102–106, Crepidula pyguaia anatomy. Fig. 102: visceral mass portion encroaching in pallial roof, ventral view, ventral membrane of pericardium removed, renal ventral wall sectioned longitudinally and deflected, inner structures exposed. Fig. 103: head and haemocoel, ventral view, foot removed. Fig. 104: odontophore, ventral view, both cartilages deflected, left m5 deflected, radular ribbon removed and deflected downwards. Fig. 105: digestive tubes as in situ, ventral view, topology visceral mass shown. Fig. 106: pallial oviduct as in situ, ventral view, topology of anus also shown. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

FIGURES 52–56, Crepidula plana anatomy. Fig. 52 in Morphological and phylogenetic study of the Western Atlantic Crepidula plana complex (Caenogastropoda, Calyptraeidae), with description of three new species from Brazil

FIGURES 52–56, Crepidula plana anatomy. Fig. 52: whole view of a specimen removed from shell, female, dorsal view. Fig. 53: headfoot, female, dorsal view, pallial cavity and visceral mass removed. Fig. 54: visceral mass and pallial cavity separated from headfoot, ventral view. Fig. 55: same, ventral portion of visceral mass (floor of pallial cavity) sectioned longitudinally at left (right in fig.) and deflected, some portions of gill filaments partially removed, pallial roof exposed. Fig. 56: pallial cavity roof, transversal section tangent to rectum. Scale bars = 2 mm.