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1,020 results for “Cambrian”
Fig 1 in A new Cambrian catillicephalid trilobite from the Shallow Bay Formation of western Newfoundland, Canada
Fig 1. Cranidia of catillicephalid trilobite Catillicephala cifellii sp. nov. from the Downes Point Member, Shallow Bay Formation, Guzhangian, Miaolingian, Cambrian; boulder BPS 467, Broom Point South, western Newfoundland, Canada. A. GSC 142512, holotype; dorsal (A1), lateral (A2), and anterior (A3) views. B. GSC 142513, paratype; dorsal view. C. GSC 142514, paratype; dorsal (C1), lateral (C2), and anterior (C3) views. D. GSC 142515, paratype; dorsal view. Scale bars 1 mm.
Fig. 3 in A new Cambrian catillicephalid trilobite from the Shallow Bay Formation of western Newfoundland, Canada
Fig. 3. Pygidia of catillicephalid trilobite Catillicephala cifellii sp. nov. from the Downes Point Member, Shallow Bay Formation, Guzhangian, Miaolingian, → Cambrian; boulder BPS 467, Broom Point South, western Newfoundland, Canada. A. GSC 142520, paratype; dorsal (A1), lateral (A2), and posterior (A3) views. B. GSC 142521, paratype; posterior (B1), dorsal (B2), and lateral (B3) views. C. GSC 142522, paratype; posterior (C1) and dorsal (C2) views. D. GSC 142523, paratype; posterior (D1) and dorsal (D2) views. E. GSC 142524, paratype; dorsal view. Scale bars 1 mm.
Fig. 3 in Exceptionally well-preserved Orsten-type phosphatocopid crustaceans from the Cambrian of Poland
Fig. 3. Phosphatocopid crustacean Cyclotron angelini (Linnarsson, 1875), ZPAL Cr.11/ph060 from the Olenus Biozone, Furongian, Dębki 2 borehole, northern Poland. Stereo-pair in ventro-lateral view side (A1); ventral view exhibiting pairs of antennae and mandibles, first right post-mandibular limb and remains of second and third post-mandibular limbs, putative gut tube indicated by arrow, anterior to the left (A2); pairs of antennae in anterior view, mandibles with reduced exopods partly visible (A3); BSE image highlighting proximal part of the left antenna with ring-like structure at its base (arrow) A4); BSE image depicting proximal part of the right antenna in anterior view, with basal ring-like cuticular plate (arrow) (A5); left mandible and antenna in postero-lateral view (A6); left antenna and mandible in ventral view (A7). Abbreviations: an, antenna; en, endopod; ex-md, exopod of the mandible; lst, limb stem; md, mandible; st, sternum.
Fig. 2 in Exceptionally well-preserved Orsten-type phosphatocopid crustaceans from the Cambrian of Poland
Fig. 2. Terminology of limb morphology of Cyclotron angelini (Linnarson, 1875). A. Antenna. B. Mandibula. C. 1st post-mandibular limb. D. Terminal limb.
Fig. 6 in Exceptionally well-preserved Orsten-type phosphatocopid crustaceans from the Cambrian of Poland
Fig. 6. Phosphatocopid crustacean Cyclotron angelini (Linnarsson, 1875), ZPAL Cr.11/ph060 from the Olenus Biozone, Furongian, Dębki 2 borehole, northern Poland. Stereo-pair in postero-lateral view with 7th limb (A1); detailed view of distal part of 7th limb in poster-ventral view, exhibiting membranous wall and setulose setae of the exopod, note tiny endopod in postero-ventral view (A2); details of 7th limb in posterior view, note arthrodial membrane in distal part (A3); posterior part of the body proper with possible anus (arrow) (A4); detailed view of sternum surface covered with fine setules (A5). Abbreviations: en, endopod; ex, exopod.
Fig. 5 in Exceptionally well-preserved Orsten-type phosphatocopid crustaceans from the Cambrian of Poland
Fig. 5. Phosphatocopid crustacean Cyclotron angelini (Linnarsson, 1875), ZPAL Cr.11/ph060 from the Olenus Biozone, Furongian, Dębki 2 borehole, northern Poland. First right post-mandibular limb in postero-median view (A1); first left post-mandibular limb in anterior view, note large paddle-shaped exopod with few distal annuli, note arthrodial membrane between endopodal segments (A2); detailed view of A2 concentrating on two-divided endopod and arthrodial membrane between endopodal segments (A3, A4); lateral basipodal margin of the second right post-mandibular limb, bearing three setae (arrows) (A5); partly preserved second left post-mandibular limb in posterior view with three setae (arrows) on lateral margin of basipod in posterior view (A6); and anterior view indicating place left by proximal endite broken off (arrow) (A7); detailed view of A1, with setation and glandular openings (arrows) on posterior side of basipodal endite (A8). Abbreviations: am, arthrodial membrane; ba, basipod; en, endopod; ex, exopod; pe, proximal endite.
Fig. 7 in Exceptionally well-preserved Orsten-type phosphatocopid crustaceans from the Cambrian of Poland
Fig. 7. Phosphatocopid crustacean Cyclotron sp. from Olenus Biozone, Furongian, Dębki 2 borehole, northern Poland. A. ZPAL Cr.11/ph095. Internal view of right valve depicting shell, inner lamella and partly preserved cuticle with apodemes in dorsal part, anterior to the right (A1); detailed view of A1 exhibiting apodemes (numbers of supposed limbs: antenna (2nd), mandible (3rd) and three post-mandibular limbs (4th–6th) and structures interpreted as remains of muscles of hypostome/labrum complex; anterior is up, two nodes, possibly representing muscle scars (arrows) (A2); enlarged posterior part of valve with two apodemes (4th and 5th) and two nodes, possibly representing muscle scars (arrows) in oblique dorso-posterior view, anterior to the right (A3); enlarged proximal part of apodeme (2nd) with muscle fibers attached inside (A4); detailed view of apodeme (4th) with attached putative muscle (A5); detailed view of supposed right proximal part of hypostome-labrum structures, anterior is up (A6). B. ZPAL Cr.11/ph102. Left valve depicting shield, internal lamella cuticle and body cuticle wall with preserved apodemes (B1); detailed view of B1 exhibiting apodemes (2nd–6th), two nodes, possibly representing muscle scars (arrows) (B2); apodemes in oblique latero-ventral view (B3); detailed view of putative muscle fibers within apodeme (4th) (B4); apodeme (4th) in internal view showing putative muscle attached in proximal depression (B5); detailed view depicting proximal part of apodeme (5th) with putative muscle fibers (B6); apodeme (5th) in median view (B7); apodeme (4th) in posterior view (B8); detailed view of supposed proximal hypostome-labrum structures (arrow), in dorsal view (B9). Abbreviations: in, inner lamella cuticle; lst, limb stem; sh, shield.
Fig. 4 in Exceptionally well-preserved Orsten-type phosphatocopid crustaceans from the Cambrian of Poland
Fig. 4. Phosphatocopid crustacean Cyclotron angelini (Linnarsson, 1875), ZPAL Cr.11/ph060 from the Olenus Biozone, Furongian, Dębki 2 borehole, northern Poland. Left mandible in posterior view, note the empty space left by the setose endite ("basipodal endite") broken off between gnathobase of coxa and endopod (A1); pairs of antennae and mandibles in oblique ventral view (A2); proximal part of right antenna in anterior view; note coxa of mandible with the circular cuticular structure around the exopod (arrow) (A3); margin of left coxal gnathobase with tuft-like setae (A4); distal part of right mandible with part of coxa, setose endite ("basipodal endite") and two-divided endopod (arrow) (A5); distal part of left mandible with preserved coxa and endopod, note sternum with left paragnath; setose endite ("basipodal endite") is not preserved (A6). Abbreviations: an, antenna; co, coxa; en, endopod; ex, exopod; gn, gnathobase; md, mandible; se, setose endite; st, sternum.
Fig. 1. A in Exceptionally well-preserved Orsten-type phosphatocopid crustaceans from the Cambrian of Poland
Fig. 1. A. Geographic location of study area in northern Poland, Dębki (asterisk). B. Stratigraphic column showing location of the sample with Phosphatocopida.
Fig. 8 in Exceptionally well-preserved Orsten-type phosphatocopid crustaceans from the Cambrian of Poland
Fig. 8. Examples of phosphatocopids with soft parts preserved from the Olenus Biozone, Furongian, Dębki 2 borehole, northern Poland. A. ZPAL Cr.11/ ph414, head larvae stage of Hesslandona unisulcata Müller, 1982, ventral is up; BSE image, lateral view of right side exhibiting antenna, mandible and first post-mandibular limb, small triangle-like cuticular structure at base of antenna (arrow) (A1); BSE image, detailed view of proximal part of antenna, small triangle-like cuticular structure at base of antenna (arrow), and mandible with coxa and basipod, note poorly visible border line between coxa and basipod in lateral part of limb (A2); antero-lateral view depicting antenna (arrow), mandible and first post-mandibular limb, distal part of labrum partly visible (A3); BSE image, exhibiting first post-mandibular limb, proximal endite masked by matrix (note the elongate depression on the lateral part of basipod and exopod inserting on its distal part) (A4). B. ZPAL Cr.11/ph222, an undetermined phosphatocopid; antero-lateral view of the right side depicting heart-like hypostome, inserting place of antennula (arrow); distal parts of antenna and mandible partly broken off (B1); BSE image, detailed view of proximal parts of antenna, note swollen proximal area of limb stem possibly representing lateral part of coxa (white arrow), and possible basipod with arising exopod on its distal part; mandible, note possible remains of border line (white arrow) between coxa and strongly reduced basipod; inserting place of antennula with preserved arthrodial membrane (black arrow) (B2); detailed view of proximal part of antenna exhibiting swollen part (arrow) and arthrodial membrane (B3); postero-lateral view depicting first left post-mandibular limb with relatively large setose proximal endite, basipod with inserting place of exopod developed as long depression and with partly preserved exopod and partly preserved endopod (B4). C. ZPAL Cr.11/ph202, an undetermined phosphatocopid in anterior view, representing early growth stage depicting hypostome-labrum with median eyes, pair of antennulae (arrow), and partly preserved antennae. D. ZPAL Cr.11/ph498, an undetermined phosphatocopid in view from behind, representing early growth stage exhibiting labrum, sternum, mandibles consisting of separate coxa and basipod, and right 1st post-mandibular limb. Abbreviations: atl, antennula; an, antenna; co, coxa; ba, basipod; en, endopod; ex, exopod; hp, hypostome, lb, labrum; lst, limb stem; me, median eye; md, mandible; pe, proximal endite; st, sternum.
Data from: Morphological disparity and evolutionary patterns of Cambrian hyoliths
<p>Hyolitha represents one of the major components of the Cambrian evolutionary fauna, first appearing in the Terreneuvian and rapidly diversifying soon after. Recent work has both enriched the hyolith fossil records and expanded our understanding of their biology, but studies documenting the evolutionary trajectory of Cambrian hyoliths remain scarce. Here we present the first study of changes in morphological disparity in Cambrian hyoliths over time with the aim of characterizing the evolutionary trajectory of hyoliths through their primary period of diversification. Our results show that hyoliths occupy distinct regions of morphospace at different times during the Cambrian, with an expansion in morphospace occupation associated with the increase in hyolith diversity in the early Cambrian. Both the Sinsk Event and multiple abiotic factors led to a decline in hyolith diversity in the Miaolingian, and morphological disparity also contracts in association with this reduction in diversity.</p>
Fig. 1 in Palaeobiology of orthothecide hyoliths from the Cambrian Manto Formation of Hebei Province, North China
Fig. 1. Aggregations of orthothecide hyoliths preserved in purplish-red shales from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A. NIGPAS 166336. B. NIGPAS 166345. C. NIGPAS 166334. D. NIGPAS 166341b. E. NIGPAS 166346. Scale bars 5 mm, except E, 2 mm.
Fig. 8 in Palaeobiology of orthothecide hyoliths from the Cambrian Manto Formation of Hebei Province, North China
Fig. 8. Internal mould of the conch of cupithecid hyolith Cupitheca convexa sp. nov. (NIGPAS 166334) from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A. General view. B. Boundary between presumed protoconch and the rest of the shell. C. Transverse lines preserved on the surface of the conch. D. Conch covered with longitudinal to sub-radial ornament and mechanical compression forming a transverse ridge-like structure. E. Apical portion. F. Lamellar-fibrillar structure (indicated by white arrow in A). Scale bars: A, E, 200 μm; B, 20 μm; C, 2 μm; D, 50 μm; F, 5 μm.
Fig. 7 in Palaeobiology of orthothecide hyoliths from the Cambrian Manto Formation of Hebei Province, North China
Fig. 7. Statistical distribution of different skeletal parts, junctions of the outermost ring represent the number of data, and concentric circles represent length (in mm).
Fig. 6 in Palaeobiology of orthothecide hyoliths from the Cambrian Manto Formation of Hebei Province, North China
Fig. 6. Opercula of cupithecid hyolith Cupitheca convexa sp. nov. preserved as internal or external moulds, which are prepared from natural casts, collected from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A, B. Internal moulds of opercula, NIGPAS 166337 A) and NIGPAS 166342 (B); showing exteriors covered with concentric ribs, protoopercula (indicated by white arrows) and imprints of bilobate cardinal →
Fig. 5 in Palaeobiology of orthothecide hyoliths from the Cambrian Manto Formation of Hebei Province, North China
Fig. 5. Internal moulds of decollated segments of cupithecid hyolith Cupitheca convexa sp. nov. from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A. NIGPAS 166334, discarded apical segments with smooth surface (A1–A3, A6); bottom of the apex (A4); apical bottom covered with radial sculptures (A5); discarded segment preserves faint transverse lines on the surface of conch (A7). B. NIGPAS 166343, decollated segment displaying apical bottom, probable diagenetic artefacts on the bottom of apex (B1); branching ornamentation on the bottom of apex (B2). C. NIGPAS 166339a, decollated segments two segments preserved together the left one exhibits pits and longitudinal groove structures on the surface of terminal part (C1); detail C2); discarded apical segments with smooth surface (C3). Scale bars: A1, A3, A6, A7, B1, C3, 100 μm; A2, A4, 50 μm; C1, 200 μm; A5, B2, C2, 20 μm.
Fig. 2 in Palaeobiology of orthothecide hyoliths from the Cambrian Manto Formation of Hebei Province, North China
Fig. 2. Scanning electron micrographs of shell and shale fabrics as well as mineral elemental analyses of matrix from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A. NIGPAS 166334, fine grained clay minerals and hematite crystals in the matrix (A1). Tabular crystals of hematite forming rosette-shaped aggregations in the matrix (A2, A3); the cross in A2 shows the location of elemental analysis (A4). B. NIGPAS 166339a, skeleton coated with hematite. C. NIGPAS 166337, halite pseudomorphs distributed on the surface of undetermined fossil (C1), calcite imprints in the matrix (C2). Scale bars: A1, A2, C2, 2 μm; A3, 1 μm; B, 10 μm; C1, 50 μm.
Fig. 3 in Palaeobiology of orthothecide hyoliths from the Cambrian Manto Formation of Hebei Province, North China
Fig. 3. Novitatid hyolith Decoritheca cyrene (Walcott, 1905) from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A. NIGPAS 166338 in dorsal view. B. NIGPAS 166335 in ventral (B1) and ventro-lateral (B3) views; detail showing transverse lines on the external surface of venter (B2). C. NIGPAS 166337 in dorsal view, conch of Decoritheca cyrene with operculum of Cupitheca convexa sp. nov. in apertural region (C1); rows of tubercles (C2), inset shows enlarged individual tubercle with nearly flat top. D. NIGPAS 166329 in ventral view. E. NIGPAS 166341b, aperture with reniform cross section. F. NIGPAS 166331 in ventral view; F1, incomplete shell showing well developed median concavity and adjacent ridges; F2, nearly complete shell with broken aperture and adapically shallowing median concavity. G. NIGPAS 166330, both shells display partial venter and partial dorsum from dorsal view. H. NIGPAS 166333 in ventral view. I. NIGPAS 166332 in dorsal view, white arrows indicate algae. Scale bars: A, D, B3, F–I, 2 mm; B1, C1, 1 mm; B2, 100 μm; C2, 20 μm; E, 200 μm.
FIGURE 8 in Geometric morphometric analysis of Protoconites minor from the Cambrian (Terreneuvian) Yanjiahe Formation in Three Gorges, South China
FIGURE 8. The ordinary least-squares linear regression of the shape of mirrored Protoconites minor with log10- transformed centroid size. Characteristic specimens are shown in thin-plate splines corresponding to the shapes of specimens in RW 1–2 plane.
FIGURE 9 in Geometric morphometric analysis of Protoconites minor from the Cambrian (Terreneuvian) Yanjiahe Formation in Three Gorges, South China
FIGURE 9. The ordinary least-squares linear regression of the shape of straight-shelled Protoconites minor with log10- transformed centroid size. Characteristic specimens are shown in thin-plate splines corresponding to the shapes of specimens in RW 1–2 plane.
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