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Fig. 8 in Camenellan tommotiids from the Cambrian Series 2 of East Antarctica: Biostratigraphy, palaeobiogeography, and systematics

Fig. 8. The camenellan tommotiid Dailyatia sp. 1 A sclerites and fragments from the Cambrian Series 2, Stages 3, 4, Shackleton Limestone, Holyoake Range, Transantarctic Mountains, East Antarctica. A. A sclerite, NRM X10006, apical (A1), anterior (A2), oblique posterior (A3), and posterior (A4) views, magnification of radial plicae on the lateral field (A5), magnification of single plica showing the densely stacked growth series of the radial plicae (A6). B. Fragment of A sclerite anterior field, NRM X10007, general view (B1), oblique view showing cross section of plicae (B2). C. Fragment of A sclerite anterior field, NRM X10008, top of specimen (C1), general view (C2), detail showing plicae (C3). D. Fragment of A sclerite with partial lateral and anterior field, NRM X10009. E. Fragment of sclerite lateral field, NRM X10010. F. Fragment of A sclerite lateral field, NRM X10011. G. Fragment of unknown sclerite type, with chaotically distributed plicae, NRM X10012, general view (G1), detail (G2). Scale bars 200 µm.

Fig. 11. The tommotiid Shetlandia multiplicata Wrona, 2004, unknown type sclerite fragments from the Cambrian Series 2, Stages 3, 4 in Camenellan tommotiids from the Cambrian Series 2 of East Antarctica: Biostratigraphy, palaeobiogeography, and systematics

Fig. 11. The tommotiid Shetlandia multiplicata Wrona, 2004, unknown type sclerite fragments from the Cambrian Series 2, Stages 3, 4, Shackleton Limestone, Holyoake Range, Transantarctic Mountains, East Antarctica. A. NRM X10020, general view (A1), detail showing arched growth series (A2). B. NRM X10021, general view (B1), detail of broken margin (B2). C. NRM X10022, general view (C1), detail of comarginal ribs and broken edge (C2). D. NRM X10023. E. NRM X10024. Scale bars 200 µm, except B2, 100 µm. A–C taken with backscattered electron detector.

Fig. 5 in Camenellan tommotiids from the Cambrian Series 2 of East Antarctica: Biostratigraphy, palaeobiogeography, and systematics

Fig. 5. The camenellan tommotiid Dailyatia icari sp. nov. C1 sclerites and sclerite fragments from the lower Cambrian Schneider Hills limestone, Schneider Hills, Argentina Range, East Antarctica. A. Dextral sclerite, KUMIP 585059, apical view (A1), view of dorsal (A2) and ventral (A3) surfaces, view of distal (A4) and proximal (A5) edges. B. Sinistral sclerite, KUMIP 585060, apical view (B1), oblique view of proximal edge and dorsal surface (B2), oblique view of distal edge and ventral surface (B3), view of distal edge (B4). C. Dextral sclerite, KUMIP 585061, dorsal (C1), apical (C2), and oblique dextral (C3) views. D. Dextral sclerite, KUMIP 585062, apical (D1), apical-dorsal (D2), ventral (D3), and lateral (D4) views. E. Large fragment from unknown sclerite type, KUMIP 585063. F. Sclerite of unknown chirality, KUMIP 585064, apical (F1) and lateral (F2) views. G. Sclerite fragment from unknown sclerite type, KUMIP 585065, detail showing distinctive pseudoplicae (G1), general view (G2). H. Sclerite of unknown chirality, KUMIP 585066, detail of apertural margin (H1), oblique views of the aperture (H2, H3). I. Fragment of unknown sclerite type showing pseudoplicae, KUMIP 585067. Scale bars 200 µm.

Fig. 2 in Camenellan tommotiids from the Cambrian Series 2 of East Antarctica: Biostratigraphy, palaeobiogeography, and systematics

Fig. 2. Stratigraphic columns of the sampled sections in the Holyoake Range (HRA) and Churchill Mountains (CM2). Grain size: B, boundstone; G, grainstone; M, mudstone; P, packstone; W, wackestone.

Fig. 1. A in Camenellan tommotiids from the Cambrian Series 2 of East Antarctica: Biostratigraphy, palaeobiogeography, and systematics

Fig. 1. A. Topographic map of the Central Transantarctic Mountains (adapted from the USGS 2008) with the main geographic features and the sites visited by the Kansas University expeditions (study areas marked by section names GM, 87-L2, M, H, S). The locality GM is the type locality for Dailyatia braddocki, which is close to the location of the CM2 section. The locality M is the type locality of Dailyatia odyssei). B. The area of the Churchill Mountains visited by the Swedish-Australian expedition, showing the location of the CM2 section. C. The area of the Holyoake Range visited by the Swedish-Australian expedition, showing the location of the HRA section. D. Overview of Antarctica showing the extent of the Transantarctic Mountains, including the the location of the Argentina Range, and IC (location on sections unknown) in the Schneider Hills (sampled by the Kansas Expeditions).

Fig. 10. The tommotiid Kennardiidae indet. from the Cambrian Series 2, Stages 3, 4 in Camenellan tommotiids from the Cambrian Series 2 of East Antarctica: Biostratigraphy, palaeobiogeography, and systematics

Fig. 10. The tommotiid Kennardiidae indet. from the Cambrian Series 2, Stages 3, 4, Shackleton Limestone, Holyoake Range, Transantarctic Mountains, East Antarctica. A. Symmetrical first sclerite type, KUMIP 585077, apical view (A1), oblique view of posterior field (A2), lateral field (A3). B. Third sclerite type, KUMIP 585078, apical (B1) and lateral (B2) views. C. Third sclerite type, KUMIP 585079, apical view (C1), ventral side (C2), dorsal side (C3). D. Third sclerite type, KUMIP 585080, ventral side (D1), apical view (D2). E. Third sclerite type, KUMIP 233002, apical view (E1), detail of dorsal side (E2), detail of ventral side (E3), ventral side (E4). F. Third type of sclerite, KUMIP 585081, ventral side (F1), detail showing plicae on ventral surface (F2), distal edge (F3). G. Second type of sclerite, KUMIP 585082, apical view (G1), oblique view of posterior field (G2), lateral field (G3). H. Third type of sclerite, KUMIP 585083, posterior side (H1), distal edge (H2), apical view (H3). I. Third type of sclerite, KUMIP 585084, ventral side (I1), detail showing plicae on the ventral surface (I2). Scale bars 200 µm, except E2, E3, I2, 100 µm.

Fig. 7. The camenellan tommotiids from from the Cambrian Series 2, Stages 3, 4 in Camenellan tommotiids from the Cambrian Series 2 of East Antarctica: Biostratigraphy, palaeobiogeography, and systematics

Fig. 7. The camenellan tommotiids from from the Cambrian Series 2, Stages 3, 4, Shackleton Limestone, Transantarctic Mountains, East Antarctica. Dailyatia braddocki Evans and Rowell, 1990, Churchill Mountains (A, B), Dailyatia decobruta Betts in Betts et al., 2019, Holyoake Range (C–F), and Dailyatia cf. odyssei, Holyoake Range (G–I). A. C sclerite, NRM X10001, ventral view (A1), detail showing fold in the margin of the ventral field (A2). B. Sclerite of unknown chirality, NRM X10002, dorsal view (B1), detail showing apex (B2). C. Dextral C sclerite, KUMIP 585071, details showing micro-ornament on the anterior-lateral (C1) and the posterior (C3) fields, apical view (C2). D. Dextral C sclerite, KUMIP 585072, apical view (D1), view of proximal edge and dorsal field (D2). E. Sclerite of unknown chirality, KUMIP 585073, oblique view of ventral field (E1), view of apical area showing perforated apex (E2). F. Sclerite of unknown chirality, KUMIP 585074, dorsal (F1) and oblique apical (F2) views. G. Dextral C sclerite, NRM X10003, view of broken dorsal field (G1), detail showing fine growth series (G2), apex (G3), oblique basal view showing plicae at distal edge (G4). H. Sinistral C sclerite, NRM X10004, apical view (H1), oblique view of distal edge and part of ventral field (H2). I. Unknown sclerite type, NRM X10005, ventral view (I1), detail showing fine growth series (I2). Scale bars 200 µm, except E2, 50 µm.

Fig. 4 in Camenellan tommotiids from the Cambrian Series 2 of East Antarctica: Biostratigraphy, palaeobiogeography, and systematics

Fig. 4. The camenellan tommotiid Dailyatia icari sp. nov. A sclerites from the lower Cambrian Schneider Hills limestone, Schneider Hills, Argentina Range, Antarctica. A. KUMIP 585054, view of anterior field (A1), enlarged view of the anterior apical area (A2), oblique view of the lateral field (A3), apical view with anterior to the top (A4). B. KUMIP 585055, anterior field of broken sclerite. C. KUMIP 585056 anterior field of broken sclerite. D. KUMIP 585057, view of anterior field (D1), apical view with anterior to the top (D2), lateral view (D3). E. KUMIP 585058, view of anterior field (E1), apical view with anterior to the top (E2). Scale bars 200 µm.

Fig. 3 in Camenellan tommotiids from the Cambrian Series 2 of East Antarctica: Biostratigraphy, palaeobiogeography, and systematics

Fig. 3. Palaeobiogeographic maps of the distribution of Dailyatia and other camenellan tommotiids from East Gondwana (dark grey). New occurrences described in this paper in bold. Maps show the Cambrian (A) Terreneuvian Series to basal Series 2, Stage 3 (i.e., upper range of the Micrina etheridgei Zone for South Australia, Betts et al. 2016, 2017) and (B) Series 2 (from the base of the Dailyatia odyssei Zone for South Australia, Betts et al. 2016, 2017). Data for previous occurrences: 1 Laurie 1986; 2 Skovsted et al. 2015; 3 Betts et al. 2016; 4 Betts et al. 2017; 5 Betts et al. 2019; 6 Evans and Rowell 1990; 7 Wrona 2004. Abbreviations: CTM, Central Transantarctic Mountains; KGI, King George Island; AR, Argentina Range. Map adapted from Torsvik and Cocks (2013) and Yang et al. (2015).

Fig. 9. The camenellan tommotiid from the Cambrian Series 2, Stages 3, 4 in Camenellan tommotiids from the Cambrian Series 2 of East Antarctica: Biostratigraphy, palaeobiogeography, and systematics

Fig. 9. The camenellan tommotiid from the Cambrian Series 2, Stages 3, 4, Shackleton Limestone, Transantarctic Mountains, East Antarctica. Dailyatia sp. 1, C sclerites and indeterminate fragments, Holyoake Range and Churchill Mountains (A–G) and Dailyatia braddocki Evans and Rowell, 1990, Churchill Mountains (H, I). A. Dextral C sclerite, NRM X10013, apical view (A1), dorsal field (A2), proximal edge (A4), distal edge (A3), ventral field ( A5), detail showing broken apex (A6). B. Dextral C sclerite, NRM X10014, oblique view of distal edge and dorsal field (B1), oblique view of proximal edge and ventral field (B2), and apical view (B3). C. Sinistral C sclerite, NRM X10015, apical view (C1), oblique view of proximal edge and dorsal →

Fig. 6 in Camenellan tommotiids from the Cambrian Series 2 of East Antarctica: Biostratigraphy, palaeobiogeography, and systematics

Fig. 6. The camenellan tommotiid Dailyatia icari sp. nov. C2 sclerites from the lower Cambrian Schneider Hills limestone, Schneider Hills, Argentina Range, East Antarctica. A. KUMIP 585068, apical (A1), oblique lateral (A2), ventral (A3), lateral (A4), and dorsal (A5) views, detail of pustulose ornament on the central surface of A1 (A6). B. KUMIP 585069, apical (B1), lateral (B2), and ventral (B3) views. C. KUMIP 585070, apical (C1), lateral-dorsal (C2), ventral (C3), lateral (C4), and dorsal (C5) views. Scale bars 200 µm, except A6, 100 µm.

Fig. 11. Ontogenetic size progression from D4 in Morphology and developmental traits of the trilobite Changaspis elongata from the Cambrian Series 2 of Guizhou, South China

Fig. 11. Ontogenetic size progression from D4 to D16 of Changaspis elongata Lee in Chien, 1961. A. Least square linear regression of ln CELd on the d stage (rA = 0.96622, n = 13). B. Least square linear regression of ln TRLd on the d stage (rB = 0.98373, n = 13). Bars are mean standard errors caused by structural deformation and measurement. Abbreviation: CELd, cephalic length on the d stage; TRLd, trunk length on the d stage.

Fig. 13 in Morphology and developmental traits of the trilobite Changaspis elongata from the Cambrian Series 2 of Guizhou, South China

Fig. 13. Frequency distribution of the index of conformity to Dyar's rule from the D4 to D16 of Changaspis elongata Lee in Chien, 1961. A. Cephalic length (n = 13). B. Trunk length (n = 13).

Fig. 12 in Morphology and developmental traits of the trilobite Changaspis elongata from the Cambrian Series 2 of Guizhou, South China

Fig. 12. Boxplot showing the relationship about the index of conformity to Dyar's rule for the cephalic and trunk length of Changaspis elongata Lee in Chien, 1961. The middle line in the box, which is the median of the dataset, represents the average of the sample data. The width of the box partly reflects the volatility of the dataset. Above and below the box, there is a line, respectively represent the maximum and minimum value.

Fig. 9 in Morphology and developmental traits of the trilobite Changaspis elongata from the Cambrian Series 2 of Guizhou, South China

Fig. 9. Relative axial length of different body parts from the D4 to H stage of Changaspis elongata Lee in Chien, 1961. A. Relative trunk length of each thoracic segment and pygidium. B. Relative body length of cephalon, each thoracic segment and pygidium. Thorax and pygidium together constitute the trunk. Cephalon, thorax, and pygidium make up the body. Abbreviation: CEL, cephalic length; LTH, length of thorax; PYL, pygidial length; TS1, thoracic segment 1.

Fig. 10 in Morphology and developmental traits of the trilobite Changaspis elongata from the Cambrian Series 2 of Guizhou, South China

Fig. 10. Growth gradient in the trunk of Changaspis elongata Lee in Chien, 1961. A. Allometric coefficients of individual thoracic segments with respect to trunk length. B. Average per-moult growth rates of individual thoracic segments. Both exhibit significant increasing value from anterior to posterior (Spearman's rank correlation test, n = 16, pA = 0.988, pB = 0.988). Bars are standard errors caused by structural deformation and measurement (not calculable for TS16), n = 14 for TS1–4 and decreases from n = 13 to 2 for TS5–16, respectively. Abbreviation: TS1, section 1 thoracic segment.

Fig. 8 in Morphology and developmental traits of the trilobite Changaspis elongata from the Cambrian Series 2 of Guizhou, South China

Fig. 8. Trunk development schedule of Changaspis elongata Lee in Chien, 1961. Green, dark grey, white, and black represent cephalon, thoracic segments, pygidial segments, and terminal axial piece, respectively. Dotted lines represent estimated, because of axial ring of pygidium faint.

Fig. 7 in Morphology and developmental traits of the trilobite Changaspis elongata from the Cambrian Series 2 of Guizhou, South China

Fig. 7. Reconstructions in dorsal view of ontogenetic series of Changaspis elongata Lee in Chien, 1961. A–M. D4–16. N. H. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 1. A in Morphology and developmental traits of the trilobite Changaspis elongata from the Cambrian Series 2 of Guizhou, South China

Fig. 1. A. Map showing the position of collecting localities in the Guizhou Province. B. Map of the fossil locality Lazizhai, 6.4 km from Jianhe, Guizhou Province, South China. C. Stratigraphical column of the Balang Formation (Cambrian Stage 4), showing the horizon where the material was collected arrows), and the stratigraphic occurrences of oryctocephalid trilobites.

Fig. 2 in Morphology and developmental traits of the trilobite Changaspis elongata from the Cambrian Series 2 of Guizhou, South China

Fig. 2. Major anterior-posterior body divisions measured on oryctocephalid trilobite Changaspis elongata Lee in Chien, 1961 (D14 with 14 thoracic segments, JLZ-160-1006). A line along the sagittal axis was constructed on the image of each specimen and for each segment a line was then placed transversely to this, linking the articulating processes at the fulcral boss (the point abaxially marginal to the fulcrum). The intersections of these lines with the sagittal axis were used to calculate the length of each thoracic segment i (LTSi). LTS2 is shown as an example. Thorax plus pygidium together constitute the trunk. Cephalon, thorax and pygidium make up the body. BOL, body length; TRL, trunk length; CEL, cephalic length; LTH, length of thorax; PYL, pygidial length; LTSi, length of each thoracic segment i.