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Research compendium for 'A pre-Campanian Ignimbrite techno-cultural shift in the Aurignacian sequence of Grotta di Castelcivita, southern Italy'
<h2><strong>Research compendium for 'A pre-Campanian Ignimbrite techno-cultural shift in the Aurignacian sequence of Grotta di Castelcivita, southern Italy' </strong></h2> <p><strong>Compendium DOI: </strong></p> <p><a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10639553">https://doi.org/</a><a href="../doi/10.5281/zenodo.10639552">10.5281/zenodo.10639552</a></p> <p>The content available at the above provided URL will reproduce the results as documented in the first paper's submission. Instead, the files hosted at <a href="https://github.com/ArmandoFalcucci/Castelcivita-Aur-Techno">https://github.com/ArmandoFalcucci/Castelcivita-Aur-Techno</a> represent the developmental versions and might have undergone modifications since the paper's publication.</p> <p><strong>Maintainer of this repository: </strong></p> <p>Armando Falcucci (<a href="mailto:armando.falcucci@uni-tuebingen.de">armando.falcucci@uni-tuebingen.de</a>; <a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3255-1005">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3255-1005</a>) </p> <p><strong>Published paper:</strong></p> <p>Armando Falcucci, Simona Arrighi, Vincenzo Spagnolo, Matteo Rossini, Owen Higgins, Brunella Muttillo, Ivan Martini, Jacopo Crezzini, Francesco Boschin, Annamaria Ronchitelli, Adriana Moroni. A pre-Campanian Ignimbrite techno-cultural shift in the Aurignacian sequence of Grotta di Castelcivita, southern Italy. <em>Scientific Reports</em>, 14: 12783. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-59896-6 (2024)</p> <p><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>The Aurignacian is the first European technocomplex assigned to Homo sapiens recognized across a wide geographic extent. Although archaeologists have identified marked chrono-cultural shifts within the Aurignacian mostly by examining the techno-typological variations of stone and osseous tools, unraveling the underlying processes driving these changes remains a significant scientific challenge. Scholars have, for instance, hypothesized that the Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) super-eruption and the climatic deterioration associated with the onset of Heinrich Event 4 had a substantial impact on European foraging groups. The technological shift from the Protoaurignacian to the Early Aurignacian is regarded as an archaeological manifestation of adaptation to changing environments. However, some of the most crucial regions and stratigraphic sequences for testing these scenarios have been overlooked. In this study, we delve into the high-resolution stratigraphic sequence of Grotta di Castelcivita in southern Italy. Here, the Uluzzian is followed by three Aurignacian layers, sealed by the eruptive units of the CI. Employing a comprehensive range of quantitative methods—encompassing attribute analysis, 3D model analysis, and geometric morphometrics—we demonstrate that the key technological feature commonly associated with the Early Aurignacian developed well before the deposition of the CI tephra. Our study provides thus the first direct evidence that the volcanic super-eruption played no role in this cultural process. Furthermore, we show that local paleo-environmental proxies do not correlate with the identified patterns of cultural continuity and discontinuity. Consequently, we propose alternative research paths to explore the role of demography and regional trajectories in the development of the Upper Paleolithic.</p> <p><strong>Keywords:</strong></p> <p>Early Upper Paleolithic; Italy; Aurignacian; lithic technology; geometric morphometrics; 3D model analysis; cultural evolution; human-environment interaction; open science.</p> <p><strong>Overview of contents and how to reproduce:</strong></p> <p>Within this repository, various folders house data (<code>data</code>), code (<code>script</code>), and output files (<code>output</code>) pertinent to the paper. The data folder encompasses the complete dataset, the core dataset, and 2D outline coordinates utilized for the geometric morphometrics study. To replicate the results, download the entire repository and employ <code>Castelcivita-Aur-Techno.Rproj</code> and open the folder <code>script</code>, following the numbered folder structure. For ensuring reproducibility, the <code>renv</code> package (v. 1.0.3) was utilized, following the procedures detailed in its vignette. All analyses and visualizations in the paper were conducted using R 4.3.1 on Microsoft Windows 10.0.19045 (64-bit). As the necessary packages are available in the <code>renv</code> folder, they are not explicitly listed here.</p> <p><strong>Licenses:</strong></p> <p>Code: <strong>MIT </strong>(<a href="http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT">http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT),</a> copyright holder: Armando Falcucci (2024).</p> <p><strong>Data and intellectual work:</strong> Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a>), copyright holder: the authors (2024).</p>
Fig. 111. Dorsoventral cross section through a in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America
Fig. 111. Dorsoventral cross section through a small microconch of Hoploscaphites brevis (Meek, 1876), transitional in morphology to macroconch, BHI 4248, Baculites compressus–B. cuneatus zones, Pierre Shale, Meade County, South Dakota. The plane of the cross section approximately coincides with the line of maximum length. A. Camera lucida of cross section of the adult shell. The stippled area demarcates the mature body chamber. B. Camera lucida of cross section of the inner whorls. C. Photo of cross section of the inner whorls. Measurements are listed in appendix 2, table 4.
Fig. 115 in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America
Fig. 115. Ontogenetic breakdown of Hoploscaphites brevis (Meek, 1876), macroconch, USNM 536238, locality unknown, but probably Pierre Shale, Meade or Pennington County, South Dakota. A–F. Six sizes through ontogeny in lateral and ventral views showing changes in ornamentation from early ontogeny (F) to maturity (A).
Fig. 107 in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America
Fig. 107. Hoploscaphites brevis (Meek, 1876), small microconchs. A–D. BHI 4245, Baculites cuneatus Zone, Pierre Shale, Meade County, South Dakota. A. Right lateral; B. apertural; C. ventral; D. left lateral. E–H. BHI 4253, transitional in morphology to macroconch, Baculites compressus Zone, Pierre Shale, Meade County, South Dakota. E. Right lateral; F. apertural; G. ventral; H. left lateral. I–L. BHI 2155, Baculites compressus Zone, Pierre Shale, Meade County, South Dakota. I. Right lateral; J. apertural; K. ventral; L. left lateral. M–P. BHI 4276, Baculites compressus–B. cuneatus zones, Pierre Shale, Meade County, South Dakota. M. Right lateral; N. apertural; O. ventral; P. left lateral. Specimens are illustrated natural size.
Fig. 97 in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America
Fig. 97. Hoploscaphites brevis (Meek, 1876), small macroconchs. A–D. BHI 4796, Baculites compressus–B. cuneatus zones, Pierre Shale, Meade County, South Dakota. A. Right lateral; B. apertural;
Fig. 94 in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America
Fig. 94. Hoploscaphites brevis (Meek, 1876), large macroconchs. A, B. BHI 4789, Baculites compressus– B. cuneatus zones, Pierre Shale, Pennington County, South Dakota. A. Right lateral; B. ventral. C, D. USNM 536221, USGS Mesozoic loc. 22182, Baculites compressus–B. reesidei zones, Bearpaw Shale, Fergus County, Montana. C. Right lateral; D. ventral. A piece of shell is missing from the adapical part of the body chamber. Specimens are illustrated natural size.
Fig. 96 in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America
Fig. 96. Hoploscaphites brevis (Meek, 1876), small macroconchs. A–C. BHI 4274, Baculites cuneatus Zone, Pierre Shale, Meade County, South Dakota. A. Apertural; B. ventral; C. left lateral. D–F. BHI 4292,
Fig. 90 in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America
Fig. 90. Hoploscaphites brevis (Meek, 1876), large macroconch, AMNH 56882, AMNH loc. 3436, Baculites compressus Zone, Pierre Shale, Meade County, South Dakota. A. Right lateral; B. apertural; C. ventral; D. left lateral. Specimen is illustrated natural size.
Fig. 93 in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America
Fig. 93. Hoploscaphites brevis (Meek, 1876), large macroconchs. A, B. AMNH 63442, slightly distorted, Pierre Shale, near Kremmling, Grand County, Colorado. The position of the base of the body chamber is estimated. A. Ventral; B. left lateral. C, D. BHI 4910a, very similar to holotype, Baculites compressus–B. cuneatus zones, Pierre Shale, Pennington County, South Dakota. C. Ventral; D. left lateral. Specimens are illustrated natural size.
Fig. 89 in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America
Fig. 89. Hoploscaphites brevis (Meek, 1876), large macroconchs. A–C. BHI 4124, Baculites compressus– B. cuneatus zones, Pierre Shale, Meade County, South Dakota. A. Right lateral; B. apertural; C. ventral. D–F. BHI 4202, Baculites compressus Zone, Pierre Shale, Meade County, South Dakota. D. Apertural; E. ventral; F. left lateral. Specimens are illustrated natural size.
Fig. 88 in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America
Fig. 88. Hoploscaphites brevis (Meek, 1876), YPM loc. A6520, Pierre Shale, Sage Creek, Pennington County, South Dakota. A. YPM 355812, 35582, macroconch and microconch, respectively, in the same concretion. B–D. YPM 35576, large macroconch. B. Apertural; C. ventral; D. left lateral. Specimens are illustrated natural size.
Fig. 87 in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America
Fig. 87. Hoploscaphites brevis (Meek, 1876), large macroconchs. A–C. BHI 4203, Baculites compressus Zone, Pierre Shale, Meade County, South Dakota. A. Apertural; B. ventral; C. left lateral. D, E. USNM 536222, USGS Mesozoic loc. 23537, Didymoceras cheyennense Zone, Pierre Shale, Carter County, Montana. A chunk of shell is missing from the back of the body chamber. D. Right lateral, E. apertural. Specimens are illustrated natural size.
Fig. 86. A–D in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America
Fig. 86. A–D. Hoploscaphites brevis (Meek, 1876), macroconch, USNM 12289 (5 Whitfield, 1880: pl. 13, figs. 8, 9, Scaphites nodosus var. brevis), uncoated, from ''the Fort Pierre Group, Cheyenne River, near Rapid Creek, Black Hills, Dakota.'' A. Right lateral; B. apertural; C. ventral; D. left lateral. E–G. Hoploscaphites plenus (Meek, 1876), macroconch, GSC 21852 (5 Riccardi, 1983: pl. 5, figs. 5–7, Hoploscaphites cf. brevis [Meek, 1876]), GSC loc. 97993, Bearpaw Shale, Frenchman (?) River, Saskatchewan, Canada. E. Apertural; F. ventral; G. left lateral. Specimens are illustrated natural size.
Fig. 85 in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America
Fig. 85. Hoploscaphites brevis (Meek, 1876), large macroconchs. A–C. USNM 536223, USGS Mesozoic loc. D1074, Baculites reesidei Zone (?), Pierre Shale, Pueblo County, Colorado. A. Right lateral; B. apertural; C. ventral. D–F. USNM 536225, USGS Mesozoic loc. 7892, Bearpaw Shale, Musselshell County, Montana. D. Right lateral; E. apertural; F. ventral. Specimens are illustrated natural size.
Fig. 100 in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America
Fig. 100. Sutures of Hoploscaphites brevis (Meek, 1876). A. BHI 4202, macroconch, third to last suture, Baculites compressus Zone, Pierre Shale, Meade County, South Dakota. B. BHI 4235, macroconch, next to last suture, Baculites compressus Zone, Pierre Shale, Meade County, South Dakota. C. USNM 536225, microconch, last suture, WH 5 27.2 mm, USGS Mesozoic loc. 7892, Bearpaw Shale, Musselshell County, Montana. D. BHI 4314, microconch, third from last suture, Baculites compressus–B. cuneatus zones, Pierre Shale, Meade County, South Dakota. E. BHI 4261, microconch, next to last suture, Baculites compressus Zone, Pierre Shale, Meade County, South Dakota. F. AMNH 56881, juvenile, last suture, WH 5 6.2 mm, AMNH loc. 3274, Baculites compressus–B. cuneatus zones, Pierre Shale, Meade County, South Dakota. Abbreviations: x 5 tubercle; E 5 ventral lobe; E/L 5 first lateral saddle between ventral and lateral lobes; L 5 lateral lobe.
Fig. 84 in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America
Fig. 84. Spacing of ventrolateral tubercles on the adult shell of Hoploscaphites brevis (Meek, 1876), macroconchs. A. BHI 4203, Baculites compressus Zone, Pierre Shale, Meade County, South Dakota. B. USNM 367, holotype, Pierre Shale, probably from the Sage Creek area, Pennington County, South Dakota. C. BHI 4235, Baculites compressus Zone, Pierre Shale, Meade County, South Dakota. D. YPM 35585, YPM loc. A6520, Pierre Shale, Sage Creek, Pennington County, South Dakota. E. BHI 4796, Baculites compressus–B. cuneatus zones, Pierre Shale, Meade County, South Dakota. The photo in E has been flipped so that it faces the same way as the others. Symbols: N 5 tubercle on the phragmocone; o 5 tubercle on the body chamber.
Fig. 105 in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America
Fig. 105. Hoploscaphites brevis (Meek, 1876), small microconchs. A–C. BHI 4283, Baculites cuneatus Zone, Pierre Shale, Meade County, South Dakota. A. Right lateral; B. apertural; C. ventral. D–F. USNM 536243, locality unknown, but probably Pierre Shale, Pennington County, South Dakota. D. Right lateral; E. apertural; F. ventral. G–I. BHI 4211a, Baculites compressus Zone, Pierre Shale, Meade County, South Dakota. G. Right lateral; H. apertural; I. ventral. Specimens are illustrated natural size.
Fig. 81. Hoploscaphites aff. H in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America
Fig. 81. Hoploscaphites aff. H. nodosus (Owen, 1852), Coon Creek Tongue, Ripley Formation, Nostoceras (N.) hyatti Zone, Coon Creek, McNairy County, Tennessee. A, B. MPPM 1996.39.1, macroconch. A. Ventral; B. left lateral. C, D. MPPM 1996.39.3, macroconch. C. Right ventrolateral; D. ventral. These specimens are more coarsely ribbed than Hoploscaphites nodosus (Owen, 1852). Specimens are illustrated natural size.
Fig. 82 in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America
Fig. 82. Size-frequency histogram of Hoploscaphites brevis (Meek, 1876), Pierre Shale and Bearpaw Shale, Baculites compressus–B. cuneatus zones, based on the samples in tables 7 and 9.
Fig. 77 in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America
Fig. 77. Septal approximation at maturity in Hoploscaphites nodosus (Owen, 1852). A, B. Macroconchs. A. BHI 4948, Baculites compressus Zone, Pierre Shale, Meade County, South Dakota. Septal approximation occurs over two chambers and is strong (the interseptal distance of the last chamber is 36% that of the last ''normal'' chamber). B. AMNH 58511, Pierre Shale, Meade County, South Dakota. Septal approximation occurs over one chamber and is modest (the interseptal distance of the last chamber is 53% that of the last ''normal'' chamber). C–F. Microconchs. C. BHI 4222, Baculites compressus Zone,
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